DOST Form 2 (for Basic/Applied Research)`

DETAILED RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PROPOSAL

(1) PROJECT PROFILE

Program Title:
Project Title: Methane Gas and Organic Fertilizer Recovery as Wastewater Improvement
Strategy in the City Slaughterhouse Facility
Project Leader/Sex: Greg M. Cubio, D. Eng’g/ Male
Project Duration (number of months): 12 months
Project Start Date: December 2021
Project End Date: November 2022
Implementing Agency: University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines (USTP) -
Cagayan de Oro City Campus
Collaborating Agency: Local Government Unit of Cagayan De Oro City
Address/Telephone/Fax/Email: CM Recto Avenue, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City

(2) COOPERATING AGENCY/IES

LGU – CDOC
89 Hayes St., Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental

(3) SITE(S) OF IMPLEMENTATION

IMPLEMENTA COUNTRY REGION PROVINCE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY BARANGAY
TION SITES
NO.
1. Philippines 10 Misamis 2nd Cagayan de City
Oriental Oro City Slaughterhouse,
Cugman
2. Philippines 10 Misamis 2nd Cagayan de USTP CDO
Oriental Oro City Campus, Lapasan
3. Philippines 10 Misamis 2nd Cagayan de USTP Claveria
Oriental Oro City Campus,
4. Philippines 10 Misamis 1st Cagayan de Mambuaya
Oriental Oro City
5. Philippines 10 Misamis 1st Cagayan de Canitoan
Oriental Oro City
6. Philippines 10 Misamis 1st Cagayan de Lumbia
Oriental Oro City

(4) TYPE OF RESEARCH (5) R&D PRIORITY AREA & PROGRAM (based on
Basic HNRDA 2017-2022)
x Applied x Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources
Commodity:
Health
Priority Topic:
x Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology
Sector:
Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate
Change Adaptation
Basic Research
Sector:

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)

Addressed SDG: 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8,9,10,11,12,15,17

(6) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The City slaughterhouse of Cagayan de Oro City is an essential institution as it provides the needed
meat requirements of the populace. However, it presently suffers from polluted waste which is one
of the challenges that the City now faces prompting its City Council to create a technical working
group to search for a sustainable, safe and practical solution to this environmental menace. The
proposal aims to recover methane and organic fertilizer from the waste of the City Slaughterhouse
as a “waste to energy and valuable product” strategy to address the pollutant. To attain the
objectives of the proposal, the project will start with a simple protocol of gas displacement using
various concentrations of effective microorganisms (EM) which has been reported to enhance
methane production. The optimum EM concentration will then be pilot tested in several types of
biogas digesters. The resulting digestate from the digesters will either be treated further with EM
or not and tested as an organic fertilizer for crops, vegetables, and bamboos in collaboration with
the various Research and Innovation Centers of the University of Science and Technology of
Southern Philippines (USTP).
The digestate will also be further profiled of its biochemical and microbial status if it conforms to
the standards of the country’s Department of Environment and Natural Resources as a safe effluent
for discharge. The resulting protocol utilizing the technologies of methane recovery and EM will be
disseminated to all other similar industries to curb pollution in a strategy that can provide further
benefits to the community through renewable energy and better agricultural productivity. All in all,
the potential of biogas production as an energy source and the use of fertilizers from nutrient
recovery are to be considered toward the sustainable and cleaner production in the meat
processing industry.

(7) INTRODUCTION

Agriculture has been a major sector in the economy of the city for years. However, due the rapid
population growth, urbanization, and climate change, commercial and industrial growth have posed
challenges to the sector’s capability. Hence, in the 2019 - 2022 City Agricultural Development Plan
of Cagayan de Oro, various programs and projects were laid out to support the development of the
city, including interventions in the livestock and poultry industries. Considering the numerous
restaurants and grill houses present in the city nowadays coupled with increased populace, the
number of slaughtered swine, cattle, goats and poultry are also increasing. The City
Slaughterhouse in Cugman, Cagayan de Oro was redeveloped last 2018 and was one of the Public-
Private Partnership (PPP) projects implemented by the LGU in partnership with Mega Integrated
Agro-Livestock Farm Corporation (MEGA Farm). The old slaughterhouse was converted into a
2.45-hectare modern Abattoir Complex for small and large animals, equipped with wastewater
treatment, livestock auction market, deep well water source, and meat delivery vans, among others.
However, several problems were observed in the slaughterhouse facility including the wastewater
treatment process which pose threats on environmental problems. With an influent 5-day BOD
(biochemical oxygen demand) of around 2780 mg/L, the wastewater quality of the city slaughter
house poses a great challenge to the environment.

The City Government of Cagayan de Oro can also use the strategy of the project in crafting policies
to curb pollution through organic means. Farmers can apply the organic fertilizer to their crops to
increase growth and harvest, sustainably enrich the soil, suppress diseases, and reduce production
costs by eliminating the use of inorganic fertilizers, chemicals and drugs. With these challenges,
the University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines (USTP) is creating several
Research Centers and Institutes to contribute significantly to food security and safety, and energy
sufficiency and security through technology solutions. Hence, in response to the request from
Cagayan de Oro City Council, the USTP in collaboration with Xavier University is directing the
experts from the Biomass Energy Center, Center for High Value Crops, Center for Agriculture
and Biosystems Technology and the Center for Bamboo Research and Innovation to recover
methane gas, produce organic fertilizer and utilize such products on high value crops while
generating environmental-compliant wastewater effluent.
(7.1) RATIONALE/SIGNIFICANCE

Recent data indicates that the City Slaughter Plant processed about 220-250 heads of swine,
around 25-30 heads of cattle, and 10-15 heads of goats per day and about 1-2 heads of ostrich per
week. As a result, treatment of waste generated from the slaughterhouse has been one of the city’s
major environmental challenges. Wastewater generated from washing of the animals and in
cleaning the facility commonly contains high organic matter. This wastewater effluent from the
slaughterhouse is usually disposed of in water bodies including lakes, streams, rivers and oceans
but which can cause pollution and pose risk to human health. On the other hand, solid waste such
as feathers, hairs, ligaments, blood, offal and manure are usually dumped in landfills and some are
burned. Landfilling activities of waste is already unsuitable due to the pollution it can cause to the
soil, ground water, and surface water. Apparently, there is a tremendous amount of generated
wastes disposed of without any substantial recovery. Aside from the extra cost when disposing of
such wastes, it also affects waste management as the demand would likely increase.

The waste effluent of slaughterhouses, markets, animal processing plants, etc. pose a detrimental
impact to the environment specifically to its adjacent surroundings, to the river and sea
ecosystems including the well-being of humans. With the high volume of waste generated, the
waste for energy diversification is feasible. This so-called waste-to-energy approach is of huge
help in reducing environmental challenges while providing opportunity to energy security.
In line with this, this project would like to treat the waste using a biogas digester using anaerobic
digestion process coupled with effective microorganisms to recover Methane Gas and Organic
fertilizer so as to eliminate pollution impacts, comply with government regulations, and promote
economic activities using organic means. Anaerobic digestion was proven to have many benefits
such as methane gas generation, reduced solids, decreased odors, reduced greenhouse gas
emissions and increased income from non-market benefits compared to conventional waste
treatment systems (Karuppiah and Azariah 2019). Anaerobic digestion is one of the best options
which will lead to the production of methane gas, the major gas component in biogas, reduction in
greenhouse gas emissions and effective environmental control.

As a result of having generated significant amounts of wastes in the slaughterhouse, this research
discusses the potential of these wastes for energy conversion and utilization.The project also would
like to explore several methods for beneficial use of slaughterhouse waste in addition to biogas
generation and fertilizer utilization. Pilot scale models of various anaerobic digesters will be tested
for its efficacy in recovering methane gas. The digestate will be further treated with various
concentrations of effective microorganisms to determine the optimum dose for producing an
effective organic fertilizer that can replace inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. The results of the
project can be adopted by other industries in using a biological treatment rather than chemical
treatment for waste effluent.

(7.2) SCIENTIFIC BASIS/THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Fossil fuel consumption is constantly increasing nowadays as well as the demand for renewable
energy. Several studies have reported on the utilization of slaughterhouse wastes for methane gas
generation, fertilizer production and animal feeds. Among the various processes, anaerobic
digestion has been proven to be the most effective way for methane gas production. Anaerobic
digestion provides a way to generate biogas and can be used as a sustainable alternative energy
source. Anaerobic digestion is considered the most cost-effective method among the biological
treatments for feedstock such as slaughterhouse waste due to its environment-friendly operations,
net-high energy recovery and carbon neutral impact (Suryawanshi, 2010). Methane gas production
is efficiently generated through anaerobic digestion which can achieve a high degree of chemical
and biological oxygen demand removal from slaughterhouse effluent at a significantly lower cost
than comparable aerobic systems. The biogas potential of slaughterhouses is higher than animal
manure, and reported to be in the range of 120-160 m3 biogas per ton of wastes. However, the C:N
ratio of slaughterhouse waste is low (4:1) which demands its co-digestion with high C:N ratios like
animal manure, food waste, crop residues, poultry litter, etc. (Jeung et.al, 2019)

Anaerobic digestion is a biological process by which organic matter is broken down by anaerobic
bacteria to produce biogas and biofertilizer in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic digestion
generates two main products: methane, which can be utilized as an energy source, and digestate,
which can be used as a fertilizer or soil conditioner. Carbon dioxide and other gases in minute
amounts can be separated from methane, the primary component of natural gas. Before biogas
production, it undergoes four stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis
(Figure. 1).

Figure 1. Anaerobic Digestion Process

Hydrolysis is the first stage in anaerobic digestion. Large polymers such as proteins, fats and
carbohydrates from the biomass are broken down into smaller molecules like amino acids, fatty
acids, and simple sugars. These smaller molecules are still relatively large and the next step helps
in the further breakdown of the molecules. However, microorganisms find it hard to degrade
substrates such as lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose due to the complexity in their structures.
Addition of enzymes is usually done to enhance the hydrolysis process of the carbohydrates.

(C6H10O5)n + n H2O → n C6H12O6 + n H2 (1)

Equation 1 shows the hydrolysis of cellulose (C6H10O5) through the addition of water (H2O) to form
glucose (C6H12O6) and hydrogen (H2). Products like H2 can be consumed by the methanogens
directly while the bigger molecules like glucose will be further converted into smaller ones in the
next stages.

In acidogenesis, acidogenic microorganisms produce ammonia, H2, CO2, H2S, shorter volatile fatty
acids (VFAs), carbonic acids, and alcohols. The specific concentrations of the other products such
as ethanol, VFAs, and other acids depend on the condition of the digester. Production of VFAs
increases when pH is > 5, while the ethanol production increases with lower pH (< 5). Widely
reported cause for digester failure is the rapid generation of VFAs in the system (Akuzawa et al.
2011). It is also important to note that the ammonia, if produced at high concentrations, is a known
inhibitor in anaerobic digestion (Kovacs et al 2013).

C6H12O6 → 2 CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 (2)

C6H12O6 + 2 H2 ↔ 2 CH3CH2COOH + 2 H2O (3)

C6H12O6 → 3 CH3COOH (4)

Equations 2 and 3 show that glucose is converted to acetic acid, CO2, H2, and VFAs. According to
Deublein and Steinhauser (2008), acidogenesis and acetogenesis reactions proceed at a faster
rate than the other stages. It is difficult to distinguish between the two stages because both stages
produce CH3COO− and H2, which are substrates of the methanogens.

Acetogenesis stage is where most of the products from acidogenesis are catabolized by the
microorganisms into acetic acid, H2, and CO2. The biomass is broken down even further than the
last in order to prepare it for methanogen consumption. Equations 5 to 7 show the conversion of
acids to acetate (CH3COO−), H2, and CO2.

CH3CH2COO− + 3 H2O ↔ CH3COO− + H+HCO3 − + 3 H2 (5)

C6H12O6 + 2 H2O ↔ 2 CH3COOH + 2 CO2 + 4 H2 (6)

CH3CH2OH + 2 H2O ↔ CH3COO− + 3 H2 + H+ (7)

Metanogenesis is the last stage of anaerobic digestion. Methanogens are microorganisms, typically
found in oxygen-depleted environments of soil, intestinal tracts of humans and animals, and
sediments, which produce methane as a by-product by consuming H2.

CH3COOH → CH4 + CO2 (8)

CO2 + 4 H2 → CH4 + 2 H2O (9)

2 CH3CH2OH + CO2 → CH4 + 2 CH3COOH (10)

Slaughterhouse effluent has high COD, high BOD, high moisture content which make it well
suited to anaerobic digestion process. Slaughterhouse wastewater also contains high
concentrations of suspended organic solids including pieces of fat, grease, hair, feathers, manure,
grit and undigested feed which will contribute to the slow biodegradability of organic matter.
Slaughterhouse waste is a protein rich substrate and may result in sulfide formation during
anaerobic degradation. The increased concentration of sulfides in the digester can lead to higher
concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in the biogas which may inhibit methanogens. In addition to
sulfides, ammonia is also formed during the anaerobic digestion process which may increase the
pH in the digester which can be growth limiting for some VFA-consuming methanogens. However,
the addition of effective microorganisms (EM) can bring about the decomposition of organic matter
and the elimination of obnoxious gases such as ammonia and hydrogen gases and suppression of
pathogens for a safe and clean digestate.

Research studies on EM have demonstrated their effectiveness in improving soil characteristics

and promoting organic matter degradation in wastewater treatment systems. In addition, literature
has reported advantageous results of EM culture use, such as biological control of diseases (Beevi
and Quadri 2010), better nutrient absorption by plants (Hu and Qi 2013b), enhanced association
between plants and mycorrhizae (Bajawa et al. 1999), higher crop production (Khaliq et al. 2006)
and effective domestic sewage treatment (Namsivayam et al. 2011; Shalaby 2011).

(7.3) OBJECTIVES

Generally, this study aims to improve the wastewater quality using Methane recovery technology
or biogas production at the Cagayan de Oro City Slaughterhouse that meets government
regulated standards.

Specifically, the study aims to:

1. To establish and demonstrate a pilot scale Methane gas recovery system suited for
slaughterhouse wastes using the following designs:
a. Floating drum
b. High-pressure cylindrical model
c. Rectangular fixed-dome type

2. To produce safe and high quality organic fertilizers or soil conditioners using Effective
Microorganisms (EM) technology

3. To conduct field trials and monitoring of organic fertilizer produced from slaughterhouse for
high value vegetable production;

4. To recommend efficient design and operational protocols for anaerobic digestion system as
wastewater treatment and energy recovery system for the City Slaughterhouse.

(8) REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Anaerobic Digesters
Anaerobic digesters are designed and constructed in various shapes and sizes depending on the
site conditions and feedstock used. There are different biogas digester designs that can be used in
the anaerobic digestion of different feedstock. The common small-scale anaerobic digester models
are fixed-dome digester, floating-drum digester and rubber-balloon digester. Digesters may also be
a covered lagoon, complex mixed digester (feedstock stock contains < 2–10% solids), and plug
flow digester (suitable for feedstock which contains < 11–13% solids). Many investigators used
other digesters like high solid, batch system, continuous one-stage system or continuous two
stages, or anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (Mir et. al. 2016).

Fixed - Dome Digester

This type of digester is considered as the most common model. Fixed-dome plants consist of a
digester with a fixed, non-movable gas holder that sits on top of it (Fig. 2). The slurry is displaced
into the compensation tank when the production of gas occurs. Gas pressure increases with the
volume of gas stored and the height difference between the slurry level in the digester and the slurry
level in the compensation tank. This digester is usually built underground which protects it from
physical damage and saves space. Though the digester is protected from low temperature during
night time and cold seasons, sunshine and warm seasons take longer to heat up the digester. This
shows that no day/night fluctuations of temperature in the digester positively influence the
bacteriological processes. Fixed dome digesters are usually masonry structures,
structures of cement and ferro-cement which are not gas-tight. The gas holder of the digester must
therefore be painted with a gas-tight layer in order to reduce risk of cracking that develops due to
the hydrostatic pressure in the lower parts to move into the upper parts of the gas-holder (Kossman
and Ponitz 2010).

Figure 2. Fixed dome plant Nicarao design: 1. Mixing tank with inlet pipe and sand trap; 2.
Digester; 3. Compensation and removal tank; 4. Gasholder; 5. Gaspipe; 6. Entry hatch, with gas
tight seal; 7. Accumulation of thick sludge; 8. Outlet pipe; 9. Reference level; 10. Supernatant
scum, broken up by varying levels (Kossman and Ponitz 2010).

Floating Drum Biogas Digester

This type of digester consists of a cylindrical or dome-shaped digester and a moving, floating gas-
holder, or drum (Fig. 3). Its gas-holder floats either directly in the fermenting slurry or in a separate
water jacket while the drum that collects biogas has an internal and/or external guide frame that
provides stability and helps the drum keep upright. When the system starts producing biogas, its
drum moves up; if gas is consumed, the gas-holder sinks back. One of the advantages of this type
of digester is that it provides gas at a constant pressure and the stored gas-volume is immediately
recognizable by the position of the drum. However, the steel drum is relatively expensive and
maintenance intensive. A water-jacket floating drum is universally applicable and is much easier to
maintain. The drum does not easily get stuck in a scum layer, even if the substrate has high solids
content. The digester is usually made of brick, concrete or quarry-stone masonry with plaster
(Kossman and Ponitz 2010).

Figure 3. Water-jacket plant with external guide frame: 1. Mixing pit; 11. Fill pipe; 2. Digester; 3.
Gasholder; 31. Guide frame; 4. Slurry store; 5. gas pipe (Kossman and Ponitz 2010).

Low-Cost Polyethylene Tube Digester

In the study of Lüer (2010), a low-cost polyethylene tube digester model was applied in Bolivia
where the tubular polyethylene film (two coats of 300 microns) is bended in a 6-inch PVC drainpipe
at each end of it and is wound with rubber strap of recycled tire-tubes (Fig. 4). A hermetic isolated
tank was obtained from this system. One of the 6” PVC drain pipes serves as an inlet while the
other one serves as an outlet of the slurry.
 Figure 4. Scheme of Low-cost Polyethylene Tube Digester (Kossman and Ponitz 2010).

Balloon Plants
This consists of a heat-sealed plastic or rubber bag, combining both the digester and gas holder.
The gas is stored in the upper part of the balloon while the inlet and outlet are attached directly on
the skin of the balloon. Gas pressure can be increased by placing weights on the balloon. However,
when the gas pressure exceeds a limit that the balloon can withstand, it may damage the skin.
Therefore, safety valves are required to prevent the damage. A gas pump can be used when higher
gas pressures are needed. Some of the materials used in constructing this type of digester are
reinforced plastic or synthetic caoutchouc, which are considered as weather and UV resistant
materials. Other materials which have been used successfully include red mud plastic, trevira and
butyl (Kossman and Ponitz 2010).

Biogas Digester Design Considerations

Different factors are to be considered in the construction of the digester which includes the
dimensions and materials used in the fabrication phase. In the study of Obileke et al. (2019), the
digestion chamber of the biogas digester under study was fabricated using high-density
polyethylene (HDPE) plastic, while the inlet and outlet chambers were constructed with
bricks/cement. The study was motivated due to some limitations such as leakage associated with
previous designs. In the present study, a ventilation test was conducted after the fabrication to
ensure the digester is leak free. Results obtained showed a total volumetric methane gas yield of
2.18 m3 (54.50%) and carbon dioxide yield of 1.77 m3 (44.25%) making up a total biogas yield of
4.00 m3. Moreover, according to the study of Okwu et al. (2020), a 267-L horizontal batch digester
made from cast iron with centrally positioned four-impeller shafts to enhance mixing was used and
has a retention time of 63 days and a substrate (cow dung and poultry waste) ratio of 1:2 and water
substrate ratio of 1:0.5 in the gasholder system, which produced a total volume of gas for each
substrate compositions designed over 14 days of 49.34 and 52.91 mL/day while the optimal value
of 52.45 ml using cow dung and poultry waste 20:80 was obtained. An experiment was carried out
using a 50-Litre batch-floating drum type digester under ambient temperature (26-28oC). Another
model was also studied by Wardhani et al. (2016) where each digester was equipped with an inlet
and outlet for feeding and taking gas for analysis. The digester consists of 2 tanks, one tank for the
substrate and the other for gas which is put inside a 95-L drum filled with water. The batch floating
drum type digester was chosen because of convenience for biogas measurement. The aluminium
digester was chosen as the reactor because of its non-flammability.

Temperature
It is also essential in the operation of the digester that aside from the construction and materials is
the operating temperature for the survival, microbial growth and performance of anaerobic
digestion. Anaerobic digestion can occur under two temperature ranges which is defined as
mesophilic in which bacteria optimally function in 25–40°C and thermophilic where bacteria is most
productive in the 50-65°C range (Mir et. al., 2016). More pathogenic bacteria are killed in
thermophilic digestion but the cost in the operating temperature is greater. Also, digesters under
thermophilic conditions may be less stable (Chen and Neibling 2014). However, despite the stability
issues under thermophilic digestion, it is still more accepted due to its conformity to discharge limits
that are imposed by environmental regulatory authorities (Gebreeyessus and Jenicek 2016).
Mesophilic digestion has been widely adapted because of its lower energy demand and better
stabilization (Gebreeyessus and Jenicek 2016).

Hydraulic Retention Time and Loading Rate

The average time that a volume of sludge stays in the digester is one of the parameters that reduce
the operational cost in producing biogas. On the other hand, the loading rate is the amount of
volatile solids fed daily in the digester (Chen and Neibling 2014).
Acidity (pH) Level
The pH of the system is also a dominant factor in influencing the stability of the acid-producing,
fermentative bacteria. When the pH of the reactors is changed to some extent, the bacterial
proliferation rate, and their metabolic pathways change. As they are also living organisms,
methanogens thrive in specific conditions. For the methanogens to live, pH must be between the
ranges of 6.5-8. During the acidogenesis stage, acidogenic bacteria produce acid, thus lowering
the pH level of the system. Therefore it is crucial to constantly measure the pH throughout the entire
process to ensure the thriving conditions of the methane-producing organisms.

Pre-treatment
Biological pre-treatment, including aerobic and anaerobic pre-treatments, involves the utilization of
microorganisms and enzymes in degrading lignocellulosic materials such as cellulose,
hemicellulose, and lignin (Zhang et al., 2020). This type of treatment has low energy requirements,
mild pre-treatment conditions, no to little chemical requirements, and minimal environmental
pollution. However, its major disadvantage is its low efficiency as different microorganisms and
enzymes also have different effects on the pre-treatment. Before using a specific
microorganism/enzyme, prior research or study should be done to be able to know the best
conditions where the organisms can thrive.

Acid, alkali, and liquid hot water pre-treatments are the most commonly used chemical pre-
treatments. Liquid hot water pretreatment is a process wherein water is used as a heating medium
and done at temperatures around 130oC to 240oC. Under high temperatures, water exhibits acid
properties and therefore can act as an acid catalyst (Dien et al. 2006; Ge et al. 2010). Acid
pretreatment also breaks down lignocellulosic materials into their respective monosaccharides.
While this process reduces the time requirement for digestion, the process is not cost effective
compared to alkaline pre-treatments. Alkaline pre-treatment methods utilizes alkaline chemicals
such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and
ammonia (NH3) for the delignification process (Chen et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2020). The alkali
breaks the connection between lignin and carbohydrate, making the carbohydrate more accessible
for the enzymatic degradation.

Production of Organic Fertilizer

After the digestion process there are residual materials left which are composed of liquid and solid
portions of digestate. These residual materials can also be separated and used in many beneficial
applications such as animal bedding, nutrient rich fertilizer, a foundation material for bio-based
products, organic-rich compost, and/or simply as soil amendment (epa.gov). Studies have shown
that after composting the sludge, it has a higher content of N, P, Ca, Zn, and Cu compared to
untreated farm manure (Ahmad and Ansari 2012). These materials could be used in crops having
a larger fertilizer demand like sugar beet and also fibre crops or cereals. Residual effects of
composts are pronounced. In normal years the yield increased 3 fold compared to control.
Differences are significant in case of stronger composts even in 2006 in the 4th and 5th
experimental years (IEA Bioenergy 2012).

To reduce required digestion start time and to improve efficiency of biogas production, various
additives or inoculants may be added to the substrates in a process known as bioaugmentation,
which is an improvement of the hydrolysis and acetogenesis phases in largely cellulosic materials
(Martin-Ryals et al. 2015) and in fish wastes with moderately high organic load (Li et al. 2011; 2012).
In addition, bioaugmentation may be used as a one-time inoculant or as a routine additive (Martin-
Ryals 2012), and the additional population of microorganisms is useful for biodigestion (Xavier and
Lucas Jr., 2010; Li et al. 2011; Martin-Ryals 2012; Martin-Ryals et al. 2015). The amount of inocula
added to the substrate can positively influence biogas production and result in significant reduction
of hydraulic retention time (Queiroz 2003). Distinct inoculants have different nutrient conditions, pH
and viable methanogenic organisms, providing distinct effects during anaerobic digestion.

In the 1970s, the Japanese Horticulturist and researcher Dr. Terou Higa initiated the use of a culture
of soil beneficial microorganisms (Higa and Parr 1994), which he named “Effective Microorganisms”
(EM) due to its reviving capacity. The main species involved in EM culture include lactic acid
bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Streptoccus lactis), photosynthetic bacteria
(Rhodopseudomonas palustrus, Rhodobacter spaeroides), yeasts (Sacchromyces cerevisiae,
Candida utilis) and Actinomycetes (Streptomycetes albus, Streptomycetes griseus). These EM
cultures are useful because they contain various organic acids due to the presence of lactic acid
bacteria, which secretes organic acids, enzymes, antioxidants and metallic chelates (Shalaby
2011). Throughout the years, Dr. Higa has found the optimal combination of yeast, photosynthetic
bacteria and lactic acid-producing bacteria to have wide applications such as probiotics, dietary
supplementation, including professional and agricultural applications like septic-tank care, soil
conditioning and composting, and in suppression of plant diseases and obnoxious gases (Higa
1996).

EM-treated compost and regular EM foliar spray application on plants have improved soil fertility
(Nayak et al. 2020), higher nematode counts in soil (Hu and Qi 2013a), suppress diseases leading
to improve plant yields (Kodippili and Nimalan 2018), reduced soil acidity and increased water-
holding capacity while reducing the application of inorganic fertilizers (El-Shafei et al. 2008).
Application of this bioaugmented compost resulted in better growth of tomato and increased the
microbial activity in soil. Besides improvement in soil fertility, EM compost application enhanced the
lycopene content of tomato fruits (Verma et al. 2015). The use of organic EM compost not only
helps in the balancing nutrients supply but also reduces the cost of cultivation, which is supported
by several reports on integrated use of EM compost and chemical fertilizer on horticultural crops
(Lee and Cho 1993; Daly and Stewart 1999; Sharma et al. 2017) and paddy (Lee and Cho, 1993).

Methane Gas Utilization

Most of the applications that are designed for natural gas can also be used for biogas such as direct
combustion. Direct combustion such as absorption heating and cooling, cooking, space and water
heating, drying and gas turbines are some of the applications that can be done on-site (Wilkie
2019). Raw biogas has a low energy density which is only about 22.3 MJ/M3 and also highly
corrosive in nature due to the presence of Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and water. However, it can be
utilized in the farm for producing electricity by using biogas as fuel in an engine-generator. It is also
suitable for Combined Heat and Power (CHP) applications such as powering boilers and burners.
In addition, biogas can also be used as fuel for irrigation pumps and engine driven refrigeration
compressors (Olugasa et al. 2014).

Biogas can also be an environmentally sound alternative to diesel and gasoline for operating buses
and other local transit vehicles (Wilkie 2019). Some of the countries that are considered the largest
producers of biogas on vehicle fuel in 2016 were Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, UK and US.
Biogas-driven cars, trucks and buses are promoted in some countries through a combination of tax
exemptions, investment subsidies and incentives for biogas injection into the natural gas grid
(IRENA, 2018).

Government Policy: DENR Administrative Order No. 34 S. 1990

In Section 68, The Philippine waters are classified according to its beneficial usages in order to
maintain a safe and satisfactory condition. Water classifications are arranged in the order of the
degree of protection required. Fresh surface waters like rivers, lakes and reservoirs are classified
in the following classification:
1. Class AA (Public Water Supply Class I) - this class is intended for waters with watersheds
which are uninhabited and protected and which require only approved disinfection in
order to meet the National Standards for Drinking Water (NSDW).
2. Class A (Public Water Supply Class II) - this class includes sources of water supply that will
require complete treatment such as coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection
in order to meet the NSDW.
3. Class B (Recreational Water Class I) - this is for primary contact recreation particularly those
designated for tourism purposes such as bathing, swimming, and skin diving.
4. Class C - (1) Fishery Water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic
resources;
(2) Recreational Water Class II for boatings
(3) Industrial Water Supply Class I for manufacturing processes after treatment
5. Class D - (1) For agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering
(2) Industrial Water Supply Class I for cooling
(3) Other inland waters, by their quality, belong to this classification

There are also coastal and marine waters classification:

1. Class SA - (1) Waters suitable for the propagation, survival and harvesting of shellfish for
commercial purposes;
 (2) Tourist zones and national marine parks and reserves established under Presidential
Proclamation No. 1801; existing laws and/or declared as such by appropriate
government agencies.
(3) Coral reef parks and reserves designated by law and concerned authorities.
2. Class SB - (1) Recreational Water Class I for areas regularly used by the public for bathing,
swimming, and skin diving
(2) Fishery Water Class I for spawning areas for Chanos chanos or bangus and similar
species
3. Class SC - (1) Recreational Water Class II for e.g. boating etc.
(2) Fishery Water Class II for commercial and sustenance fishing;
(3) Marshy and/or mangrove areas declared as fish and wildlife sanctuaries;
4. Class SD - (1) Industrial Water Supply Class II for e.g. cooling, etc.
(2) Other coastal and marine waters, by their quality, belong to this classification

The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

In 1996, it was observed that after thorough monitoring of the country’s rivers that most of these
rivers were already polluted from domestic, industrial and agricultural sources. With this, RA 9275
aims to protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from land-based sources such as
industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household activities
(emb.gov.ph). Certain areas shall be designated as water quality management areas using
appropriate physiographic units such as watershed, river basins or water resources regions. The
management areas are governed by a governing board composed of representatives of mayor and
governors of member local government units (LGUs), and representatives of relevant national
government agencies, duly registered non-governmental organizations, water utility sector, and
business sector (The LawPhil Project).
(9) METHODOLOGY

The implementation of the project will involve several USTP Research and Innovation Centers in
collaboration with Xavier University and other academic institutions. Organic fertilizers from sludge
of the slaughterhouse treated with EM will be tested for plant growth and productivity at the Center
for High Value Crops and at the Center for Agricultural and Biosystems Technology. These centers
will aid in determining the supplemental application of sludge-treated organic fertilizer as a
substitute for expensive inorganic fertilizers. The organic fertilizer will also be tested for the
propagation of bamboos as well as its application as mulch in grown bamboos under the Bamboo
Research and Innovation Center.

Figure 5. Input - Process - Output Model of the Study

A. Methane Gas Extraction Simulation

Figure 6. Anaerobic Digestion System

 Figure 7. Water Displacement Model for Biogas experimental set-up adopted from (Jaro et al. 2020)

● Raw Wastes Characterization

● Determine production requirements of methane
● Determine optimal digestion period
● Suitable digester design
● Application of enzymes and microbes

Residual waste from the biogas digesters (10 kilograms) will be placed in 70-liter capacity plastic
drums and applied with 1, 2 or 3% (w/w) EM powder in an aerated or unaerated system with
covers at 3 replicates per treatment. After 4 weeks, the resulting sludge will be analyzed for
organic matter content, pH, NPK and presence of E. coli, Salmonella, and Cholera as a means to
determine if the compost is suitable as a safe organic fertilizer or soil conditioner.

● Methane Gas Characterization for Electrical power generation Option - The study will
explore different strategies that will determine the quantity and quality of methane gas
component aside from Gas Chromatography.

PILOT SCALE MODEL

A 1-Unit Pilot High-Pressure Cylindrical Biogas and Fertilizer Model System will be constructed.
Propagation/Fermentation of anaerobic microorganisms will be used as a starter in the system. It
will be constructed above-the-Ground, all-steel body, horizontal installation with a 5-ft in diameter
by 23 feet total length in size with concave cover (please see details in Annex A).

Figure 8. High-Pressure Cylindrical Model

Figure 9. Fixed Dome Biogas Model

 B. Performance of Organic Fertilizers/Soil Conditioners

In agricultural fields, the resulting compost together with weekly 1% EM foliar spray will be tested
in growth and yield performance of high-value crops such as lettuce, bell peppers, carrots, etc.
The treatments will compose of EM-treated compost + weekly 1% weekly foliar spray (Treatment
1), traditional farmer practice of inorganic fertilizer application (Treatment 2), EM-treated compost
+ weekly 1% weekly foliar spray + 50% of inorganic fertilizer application (Treatment 3) and control
(no organic and inorganic fertilizer inputs, Treatment 4). There will be 3 replicates per treatment.
The high-value crops will be planted in 1 x 10 meter long plant beds. Each bed will represent 1
replicate per treatment. The parameters to be determined will include bi-monthly growth of plants,
survival rate of plants until harvest, presence of diseases and average weight of plants at harvest.

The treatments will also be tested in growth performance of bamboo seedlings in the nursery until
the hardening phase and survivability and morphological growth performance upto 3 months as
well the occurrence of pest and disease will be included in the parameters.

C. Wastewater Characterization

The resulting residual waste after biogas extraction and subjected to EM application will be
analyzed for DENR parameters such as: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Phosphate Content, surfactant, Fats, Oil and
Grease (FOG), Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide, and pathogens such as E. coli, Salmonella and
Cholera.

(10) TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP (if applicable)

(11) EXPECTED OUTPUTS (6Ps)

At the end of this study the researchers sought to produce the following:

A. Product:
1. Methane Gas Recovery Technology for Slaughterhouse Systems.
2. A safe Organic Fertilizer from pre-treated Slaughter effluents which promotes growth
and yield of crops while reducing or eliminating the use of inorganic fertilizers in farming.

B. Potential Patent/Intellectual Property:

3. A sustainable biological treatment of effluents in Slaughterhouses that are compliant
of DENR regulations
4. Best farming protocol for the use of Slaughterhouse Wastes Organic Fertilizer versus
Inorganic Fertilizer.

C. Publication:
5. Scientific articles that are worthy of dissemination to the public particularly on
Methane Gas Recovery and Organic Fertilizer from Slaughterhouse Wastes

D. Policy:
6. The study would become a science-based policy reference for the efficient,
environment-friendly and economical operation of the Cagayan De Oro City Slaughterhouse

E. People:
7. Protocols on biological wastes treatment and organic fertilizer production shall be
shared to the operators in the slaughterhouse
8. Utilization methods for Slaughterhouse wastes organic fertilizer would be shared
amongst farmers involved in the study

F. Partnership:
9. The study would strengthen the linkages between academe and community, the
public-private partnerships, and the organic farmer cooperatives.
(12) POTENTIAL OUTCOMES

The safe transformation and discharge of waste from the City Slaughterhouse will become
a model treatment strategy that can be adopted by various industries having similar effluents such
as Animal Processing Plants, Public Markets and Trading Centres, etc. Furthermore, it will spark
interest among farmers to embark in composting and apply organic fertilizers rather than using
agrochemicals. In Cagayan de Oro, its City Council can create further research-based policies to
address various pollution-generating activities such as the Fats, Oils and Grease from the food
sector. The strategies for addressing pollution by this proposal will go a long way in comparison
to the use of chemicals.

(13) POTENTIAL IMPACTS (2Is)

The proposal will address the pollution issue of the waste generated by the City Slaughterhouse.
The production of renewable energy and organic fertilizer from the waste will prevent the waste
from being a potential threat to the environment and to human health as untreated waste can
destroy rivers, contaminate groundwater, and its obnoxious odor contributes to air pollution. The
strategy will thus create a safe and healthy society.

The production of renewable energy and organic fertilizers from waste will also contribute greatly
to the economy of the community as free energy is available for use in operation of the
slaughterhouse and for the needs of the community. Furthermore, organic fertilizer helps the
agriculture sector enhance the soil, diversifies the soil microbial community to ward off diseases
and results in better growth and productivity of plants, crops and trees while eliminating the
expensive and dangerous agrochemicals.

(14) TARGET BENEFICIARIES

The purpose of this study is to help industrial processing plants in its waste system by utilizing it as
feedstock for methane production which can also be a source of thermal energy and electricity
generation inside the facility. Another co-product that can be generated from methane production
is the digestate which can be utilized as an organic fertilizer and is very useful for crops and
vegetable farmers. Mainly, this study aims to assist Cagayan de Oro City in the growing
environmental challenges nowadays and reduce the risks it poses to human health. Most notably,
the study intends to address the problems confronting the City Slaughterhouse which is under
heavy criticism due to its noncompliance to environmental standards. Recipients of this project also
include farmers who promote the use of organic fertilizers.

(15) SUSTAINABILITY PLAN

The operation of methane gas recovery system would be integrated as part of the City slaughter
house. The commitment of the City Government of Cagayan De Oro would be in a form of a policy
to maintain the biogas production and utilization while producing organic fertilizer for the farmers.
With the great potential of fuel cost reduction by using biogas and the added income from the sales
of organic fertilizer, this technology is expected to definitely sustain. Otherwise, the effective
microorganisms used as a strategic technology will continue to thrive in substrates with heavy
organic content unless chemicals and drugs such as chlorine, bactericides, pesticides, fungicides
and similar drugs are used in the digesters or in soils during farming.

(16) GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD) SCORE (refer to the attached GAD checklist)

The environment-friendly production of Methane Gas and Organic fertilizer from the slaughter
wastes will bring about a safer and healthy environment, an improved economy and higher
agricultural productivity to the community especially the vulnerable sectors of the community - the
women and children. Likewise, organic fertilizer production and utilization would be beneficial to
women in the agricultural sector as it eliminates the use of hazardous and synthetic
agrochemicals in toxic doses.

(17) LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

The study is limited to…

1. The volume of Methane recovery and effluent treatment will be in Pilot scale level only.
2. The effects of Biological treatments will be based only on the Environmental parameters and Plant
Growth morphological effects rather than Microscopic Analysis.
(18) LIST OF RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN

The biogas digester model is monitored closely for gas leaks as well as the effects from strong winds during
stormy weather. On the other hand, the application of effective microorganisms must be in conditions with no
contamination of chlorines, bactericides, pesticides and fungicides.

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(20) PERSONNEL REQUIREMENT

Percent Time
Position Devoted to the Responsibilities
Project
Greg M. Cubio, D. Eng. 20 PLANNING, ORGANIZING AND
Project Leader SUPERVISION OF ALL PROJECT
ACTIVITIES
Antonio-Abdu Sami M. Magomnang, D.Eng 10 PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
Project Member SUPPORT FOR OBJECTIVES 1 AND 4
Apolinario B. Gonzaga, Jr, Ph.D 10 PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
Project Member SUPPORT FOR OBJECTIVES 2 AND 3
Maria Theresa I. Cabaraban, PhD 10 Solid and Liquid Slaughter Wastes
Project Member Characterization Study
Hon. Ian Mark Q. Nacaya, Ph.D 5 Government Policy and Regulations for
Project Staff Slaughterhouse Operation
Dr. ARNIL EMATA 10 TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR
Project Staff OBJECTIVES 1 AND 4 (Microbiologist)
Engr. NESTOR PAUL P. UBALDE 10 TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR
Project Staff OBJECTIVES 2 AND 3
Fulltime Project Staff 100 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION, DATA
TO BE HIRED COLLECTION AND MONITORING,
Engr Sin R. Del Jamorol 10 Consultant on the Design and Operation of
Project Consultant High-Rate Methane Recovery Technology

(21) BUDGET BY IMPLEMENTING AGENCY

IMPLEMENTING AGENCY PS MOOE EO Total

USTP 3,459,204.00 3,459,204.00
DOST X 664,008.00 1,021,100.00 972,446.00 2,790,431.70

(22) OTHER ONGOING PROJECTS BEING HANDLED BY THE PROJECT LEADER: (number)
Title of the Project Funding Agency Involvement in the
Project

(23) OTHER SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS (Please refer to page 2 for the additional necessary documents.)

I hereby certify the truth of the foregoing and have no pending financial and/or technical obligations from the DOST
and its attached Agencies. I further certify that the programs/projects being handled is within the prescribed number
as stipulated in the DOST-GIA Guidelines. Any
willful omission/false statement shall be a basis of disapproval and cancellation of the project.

SUBMITTED BY (Project Leader) ENDORSED BY (Head of the Agency)

Signature

Printed Name GREG M. CUBIO, DEng DR AMBROSIO B CULTURA, II

Designation/Title DIRECTOR, USTP SYSTEM RESEARCH USTP SYSTEM PRESIDENT
CENTERS AND INSTITUTES
Date June 24 2021 June 24, 2021

Note: See guidelines/definitions at the back.

 ANNEX A
PILOT SCALE REACTOR DESIGN

The 1 Unit Pilot Scale Hi-Rate Biogas Fermentation Module (or Pilot Scale Reactor) will be made of BI
(Black Iron) Steel Sheets with Thickness of 6mm by 4ft by 8ft with concave ends above the ground with
foundation footings and braces of GI (Galvanized Iron) pipe 3” diameter S-40 seamless with a working
pressure between 30-50 psig. The capacity is at least 2 cubic meter.