Republicofofthe

Republic the Philippines

Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Pablo Borbon MainIIII
Pablo Borbon Main
Batangas City
Batangas City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURE andand FINE
FINE ARTSARTS
CivilCivil
andand
Sanitary
SanitaryEngineering Department
Engineering Department

Zero Waste Strategy:

A Solution towards a Sustainable Community at Batangas State University – Alangilan
SE 404 Campus

Microbiology and Parasitology for Environmental

Engineering
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Research Method

Technical Report No. 1

by
Castillo, Kathleen Kaye D.

February 2021
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The interaction between the humans and the surroundings could be a complicated

phenomenon. The Earth’s capability to support the humans is decided not simply by the basic

food needs. However conjointly by our levels of resource consumption, quantity of waste

generation, technologies used in variable applications. Because of the fast pace of growing

population and urbanization over the previous years have delivered various environmental issues

particularly in urban communities. One of such ecological difficulties is the changes in

consumption pattern of humans as new resources come into use that have led to increase in the

quantity of solid wastes in the landfill and not knowing the solid waste management (SWM).

Solid Waste is any material which comes from domestic, industrial and commercial sources

arising from human activities in everyday routine which has no value to people and discarded as

ineffectual.

The earth’s ability to soak up our waste could be a major issue influencing the adaptation

of the waste treatment technologies. Landfilling is perhaps the oldest organized waste

management technology. Landfilling has been carried out as an unceremonious dumping of

waste in any convenient location without considering the health, safety and environmental

protection. Waste management became problematic with the rise of towns and cities where large

numbers of people started to congregate in relatively small areas in pursuit of livelihoods. But

now the scenario changed not because of the perception and importance of the waste treatment

but on other issues. In the urban settings, handiness of house for landfilling is changing into scare
Zero Waste Strategy: A Solution towards a Sustainable
Community at Batangas State University – Alangilan Campus Chapter I - Introduction
Castillo, K.K.D

and a awfully serious issue. For the reason that, landfill design, operation and management are

continuously being researched, observed and new techniques are inducted to avoid air and water

pollution. For example, the landfill gas collection provides scope for reducing the greenhouse

emission. But the social science of the lowland assortment and energy recovery got to be

incontestable convincingly. Because, the average methane content of landfill gas is around 50%

due to partial oxidation in the landfill and part of the gas produced landfills is lost to the

atmosphere even with an effective gas collection system. There are many alternatives for

landfilling, including waste-to-energy incineration, anaerobic digestion, composting, mechanical

biological treatment, pyrolysis and plasma arc gasification. But the main problem is not thinking

of what could be the alternatives for landfill but how we can improve the waste management and

reduce solid waste from domestic, industrial and commercial sources.

Some countries have achieved considerable success in finding solution for solid waste

management. In our community I noticed the volume of solid waste being generated by

individuals continues to increase at a faster rate than the ability of the government to improve on

the financial and technical resources needed to parallel this growth and another cause is the

improper management of their garbage in their home or when they are in public establishments.

Majority of the human population in developing countries lives in rural areas (United Nations

2009). However, the treatment of rural MSW isn't adequate and infrequently threats the health of

the atmosphere. As an example, in China, nearly sixty fifth population lives within the rural and

in 2011, concerning two hundred million tonnes of MSW were generated and was over the one

hundred eighty million tonnes generated from the cities. In developed nations, the waste

assortment, transport associated treatment square measure practiced as an extension of the

Zero Waste Strategy: A Solution towards a Sustainable
Community at Batangas State University – Alangilan Campus Chapter I - Introduction
Castillo, K.K.D

service provided within the urban setups. Therefore, a good interference of pollution thanks to

the generated wastes is achieved. However, since the waste assortment within the rural needs

higher price thanks to the denseness of the agricultural households than the urban settings. as an

example, collection, transportation and treatment of one weight unit of MSW within the urban

and rural areas of metropolis, China prices concerning one hundred seventy five and 293

US$/ton, severally (He 2012). Such scenario reduces the potency of assortment, transport and

treatment within the rural areas leading to higher pollution afterward inflicting environmental yet

as public health problems. Therefore, waste management in the rural areas are as important as

performed in the cities. There are many approaches and strategy in waste management. In this

study, a concept of zero waste strategy is the variable on improving and changing the perspective

when it comes to sustainability and waste management.

According to Zero Waste International Alliance (2004), Zero Waste is thus involved with

waste bar through property style and consumption practices, best waste recovery and not waste

management by lowland or burning. Zero Waste supports waste bar and dodging instead of

waste treatment and disposal powerfully. It is understandable; it should but not be possible,

underneath the prevailing resource consumption and waste management systems, to attain zero

burning and zero lowland targets.

As stated in LaBrecque (2015), Not only is Zero Waste regarding use and diversion from

landfills, it conjointly restructures production and distribution systems to stop waste from being

factory-made within the initial place. The materials that are still needed in these re-designed,

resource-efficient systems are recycled right into production. Zero waste approach is one in

every of the foremost wide studied construct however still the foremost debatable topic in recent
Zero Waste Strategy: A Solution towards a Sustainable
Community at Batangas State University – Alangilan Campus Chapter I - Introduction
Castillo, K.K.D

decades in waste management. The traditional waste management system, that principally

depends on sites, considerably pollutes our surroundings, therefore requiring AN improved and

economical waste management system with a restricted exception in developed countries.

therefore the zero-waste objective, exploitation industrial mutuality, usage or “up sport,” is to use

and consume resources at intervals a circular economic model with minimum environmental

degradation, supported the “no-waste” principle from nature.

The concept to use in this study is the 5Rs of waste management which is the Refuse,

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Rot. These terms were 1st popularized within the late-1970s,

following the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Despite our familiarity with the 3 Rs,

and therefore the proven fact that “zero waste” trends appear to be advancing at lightning speed,

waste continues to be a large drawback round the world, and one that continues to grow

exponentially. Refusing helps eliminate plenty of waste from the beginning. It's concerning

speech communication “no” to free stuff that becomes instant waste. Next is reduce, simply

reduce what you're purchasing by being mindful about what you need and want. This goes hand-

in-hand with refusing. Be realistic about what you actually need. Before creating purchases, raise

yourself if you actually want this item. Next is reuse, Reusing and repairing go hand in hand.

When you are deciding whether or not to toss one thing out and obtain a replacement one, raise

yourself if you'll be able to realize some way to recycle or repair it. This applies to clothing,

furniture, and technology. If your phone or portable computer is broken, rather than directly

buying a replacement one, get repair choices 1st. Reusing conjointly suggests that marketing or

donating your used things so that they head to doting homes rather than the lowland. One of the

foremost present ways in which to scale back waste is to recycle, however use is much from

excellent. When you recycle, make sure that you are sorting and improvement your utilisation in
Zero Waste Strategy: A Solution towards a Sustainable
Community at Batangas State University – Alangilan Campus Chapter I - Introduction
Castillo, K.K.D

keeping with native laws. Lastly is the art of rot, it is about composting. There are a lot of ways

to compost your organic waste, the easiest, cheapest and also the traditional way is building a pit

in your backyard. Compost conjointly improves soil structure in order that soil will simply hold

the proper quantity of wet, nutrients and air. Zero Waste may be a new vision, a philosophy and

a style principle for a brand new millennium. It's a goal, a process, the way of thinking that

deeply changes our approach to resources and production.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

The main aim and objectives of the study is to examine the factors affecting affective solid waste

management and suggest possible measures to tackle the problem and strategy to turn the

university to a zero waste area. Specifically, the research aims at achieving the following

objectives:

1. To identify what solid waste generated in the university

2. To examine the means of waste disposal by the university

3. To encourage the students to minimize waste by conducting a webinar

4. To guide the students to improve their lifestyles by applying the 5R concept of zero

waste.

5. To suggest recommendations for further improvement of waste management in the

university
Zero Waste Strategy: A Solution towards a Sustainable
Community at Batangas State University – Alangilan Campus Chapter I - Introduction
Castillo, K.K.D

1.3 Significance of the Study

This section will provide brief description on the various significances of the study given

the problems of Batangas State University – Alangilan Campus, regarding to Solid Waste.

To the office of Batangas State University – Alangilan Campus. The proposed study

serves the University officials, personnels and teachers as their reference or guide in promoting

and conducting of creating platforms, activities and program concerned with Solid Waste

Management.

To the students. The proposed study will help the students of the university to have a

deeper understanding regarding to proper waste disposal and creative ways to reuse and recycle

their waste. By this study they will know the importance of programs that their university are

making and also will help them to come up ideas that could enhance the programs and activities

that the university officials, personnels and teachers would conduct.

To future researchers. The proposed study will benefits and help the future researchers as

their guide. The study can also open in development of this study.

1.4 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study area covered Batangas State University – Alangilan Campus. This school was chosen

because of the increasing number of students enrolled in it. Also this study covers on how the

solid waste are generate and managed in the university. The basis for covering this study is to

encourage the students to apply the 5R`s Concept of zero waste on proper disposal and waste

management in their everyday routine.

Zero Waste Strategy: A Solution towards a Sustainable
Community at Batangas State University – Alangilan Campus Chapter I - Introduction
Castillo, K.K.D

1. 5 Conceptual Framework

The system approach (Input-Process-Output) was used in describing the conceptual

framework of the study. As shown in figure 1.1 the input consist of the conditions and

requirement from the study and what are processes and strategies to be used to attain the desired

outcome of the study

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Proper Waste 1. Proper waste

segregation of 1. Lesser waste generated
Disposal biodegradable, non- by the students.
biodegradable and
2. Reducing of recyclables. 2. Manageable and
Waste efficient garbage disposal.
2. Conduct webinar
concerning on 3. students will be more
3. Garbage awareness of waste creative on repurposing
Recycling management. and reusing their waste

3. Use the concept of 4. The university will be

4. Repurposing
5R`s Refuse, Reduce, Zero Waste Area.
of Materials Reuse, Recycle and Rot

FEEDBACK

Figure 1.1 Conceptual Paradigm

Zero Waste Strategy: A Solution towards a Sustainable
Community at Batangas State University – Alangilan Campus Chapter I - Introduction
Castillo, K.K.D

1.6 Definition of Terms

To understand and clarify the terms used in this study, the following are hereby defined.

Anaerobic Digestion. EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency (2016) defines

Anaerobic digestion as the biological degradation of organic matters in the absence of oxygen

and converts the chemical energy in organic carbon to biogas. In this study, anaerobic digestion

refers digestion used for wastewater sludge treatment and reduction, agricultural manure

management, and food waste management.

Commercial Waste. Commercial waste is defined by Ketchikan Municipal Code (2020) means

garbage and by-products from commercial shops and businesses other than those involved in

manufacturing or industrial activities such as scraps, trimming, packing and other discarded

materials not otherwise designated as hazardous waste. In this study, commercial waste refers to

waste from business`s customers such as food wrapper, containers and plastic bags.

Composting. Berry, J. (2020) Composting is a natural way to recycle certain food and yard

products. It is also an opportunity for people to help the environment and enrich the soil for

plants to grow. In this study, composting refers as a method of treating municipal solid waste at

home.

Domestic Waste. Domestic waste is defined by Oregon Laws Organization (2007) means that

domestic waste is disposable materials generated by households. Domestic waste means any

nonputrescible waste, consisting of combustible materials, such as paper, cardboard, yard

clippings, wood, or similar materials, generated in a dwelling, including the real property upon
Zero Waste Strategy: A Solution towards a Sustainable
Community at Batangas State University – Alangilan Campus Chapter I - Introduction
Castillo, K.K.D

which it is situated, containing four living units or less. In this study, domestic waste is generated

by an individual at their homes.

Hazardous Waste. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), (1976) defines

Hazardous waste as a waste with properties that make it dangerous or capable of having a

harmful effect on human health or the environment. In this study, hazardous waste is a solid

waste which requires special handling to avoid illness, injury, damage to property and

contamination to people and environment.

Industrial Waste. Industrial waste is defined by Allan, P. (2012) as any waste arising from

commercial, industrial or trade activities or from laboratories or waste containing substances or

materials which are potentially harmful to human beings or equipment. In this study, industrial

waste refers as waste produced by industrial establishment which includes any material that is

useless during a manufacturing process.

Incineration. AlejTech, S.R.O (2009) Incineration plant means any stationary or mobile

technical unit and equipment dedicated to the thermal treatment of wastes with or without

recovery of the combustion heat generated. In this study, incineration refers to a waste treatment

process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials.

Landfill. US Environmental Protection Agency (1986) defines landfills are engineered areas

where waste is placed into the land. Landfills usually have liner systems and other safeguards to

prevent polluting the groundwater. In this study, landfills refers to a site for the disposal of waste

also known as garbage dump.

Zero Waste Strategy: A Solution towards a Sustainable
Community at Batangas State University – Alangilan Campus Chapter I - Introduction
Castillo, K.K.D

Sustainable Community. A sustainable community defined by Maryland Department of

Planning (2014) means that it is a place where people of diverse backgrounds and perspectives

feel welcome and safe, where every group has a seat at the decision-making table, and where

prosperity is shared. In this study, sustainable community refers to communities that focuses on

environmental and economic sustainability and promote sustainable living.

Solid Waste. Shafiul and Mansoor, (2003) defines Solid waste as any material which comes

from domestic, commercial and industrial sources arising from human activities which has no

value to people who possess it and is discarded as useless. In this study, solid waste refers to

garbage materials consume by humans.

Zero Waste. Zaman et al., (2015) defines Zero Waste concerned with waste prevention through

sustainable design and consumption practices, optimal waste recovery and not waste

management by landfill or incineration. In this study, zero waste refers to the conservation of all

resources by means of refusing, reducing, reusing, recycling and rot of solid waste and materials.
Zero Waste Strategy: A Solution towards a Sustainable
Community at Batangas State University – Alangilan Campus Chapter I - Introduction
Castillo, K.K.D

1.7 Abbreviation/Acronym

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS

Abbreviation/Acronym Full Meaning

AD ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. Anaerobic Digestion

GHG ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. Greenhouse Gas

MBT ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. Mechanical Bioogical Treatment

MSW ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. Municipal Solid Waste

PAG ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. Plasma Arc Gasification

RCRA ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

SWM ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. Solid Waste Management

WSM ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. Waste Solid Management

WTE ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. Waste-to-energy

ZWIA ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. Zero Waste International Alliance