IGNEOUS ROCK - defined as types of rocks that
are formed when molten rock (rock liquefied by
intense heat and pressure) cools to a solid state. It
forms about 15% of the Earth's current land
surface.
A. Intrusive igneous rocks - also
called plutonic rocks, this surface is known as
a phaneritic texture. They have large crystals
that are usually visible without a microscope.
2 examples of intrusive rocks
Granite also called as plutonic rock, it is a coarse-
grained rock found in plutons,
which are large, deep-seated
bodies of rock that slowly cooled
from the molten state.it is made up
of clearly visible crystals of
various minerals.
Diorite is a grey to dark-grey intermediate
intrusive igneous rock
composed principally of
plagioclase feldspar, biotite,
hornblende, and pyroxene. It is
visibly crystalline and usually
has a granular texture
(composed of roughly equally sized crystals)
although the appearance may vary widely.
B. Extrusive igneous rock - Extrusive igneous
rocks are rocks that erupt onto the surface
resulting in small crystals as the cooling takes
place quickly. These are the rocks that form at
erupting volcanoes and oozing fissures.
2 examples of extrusive rocks:
Basalt is an aphanitic
(fine-grained) extrusive
igneous rock formed from
the rapid cooling of low
viscosity lava rich in
magnesium and iron (mafic
lava). Basalt is one of the main rocks that are
prevalent in the oceanic crust, it is rich in iron
and serves as an ingredient in concrete.
Pumice a very light and
porous igneous volcanic
rock that forms during
explosive volcanic
eruptions. It is formed
when a gas-rich froth of glassy lava solidifies
rapidly.
SEDIMENTARY ROCK - are display grains that are
cemented together, often with visible layers, fossils,
or unique features like mud cracks or ripple marks.
They often appear as layered deposits forming a
strata or bed structures.
Types of sedimentary rocks:
A. Organic sedimentary rock – type of
sedimentary rock that contains significant
amounts of organic carbon. this forms from the
accumulation and lithification of organic debris,
such as leaves, roots, and other plant or animal
material.
2 examples of organic sedimentary rock:
Coal An organic sedimentary rock composed
predominantly of carbon that is
readily combustible. Coal is
formed when dead plant
matter decays into peat and is
converted into coal by the heat
and pressure of deep burial
over millions of years.
Fossiliferous limestone
a type of limestone, made
mostly of calcium carbonate
(CaCO3) in the form of the
mineral’s calcite or
aragonite, that
contains abundance of fossils
or fossil traces. They are usually marine
invertebrates such as brachiopods, crinoids,
mollusks, gastropods, and coral.
B. Clastic sedimentary rocks - composed of
fragments, or clasts, of pre-
existing minerals and rock. Is a fragment
of geological detritus, chunks and smaller grains
of rock broken off other rocks by physical
weathering. 
2 examples of clastic
sedimentary rocks:
Sandstone is a clastic
sedimentary rock composed
mainly of sand-sized (0.0625
to 2 mm) silicate grains. It is
 composed of sediment materials that are formed foliated metamorphic rocks tend to be simpler than
from other processes such as weathering & erosion foliated rocks.
of other rocks.
Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that forms 2 examples of non-foliated rock:
from the compaction of silt and  Marble Is a metamorphic rock composed of
clay-size mineral particles that recrystallized carbonate
we commonly call "mud." It is minerals, most commonly
the most common sedimentary calcite or dolomite. It
rock, which accounts for about forms when limestone is
70 percent of the Earth’s crust. subjected to the heat and
C. Chemical sedimentary rocks - This type of rock pressure of metamorphism.
is created when minerals that are present in
rock forms undergo a chemical reaction that Quartzite
causes them to cool as precipitates over time is a non-foliated
before changing back to rock form. It is formed metamorphic rock composed
by precipitation of minerals from water. almost entirely of quartz. It
2 examples of chemical sedimentary rock: forms when a quartz-rich
Rock salt is a chemical sedimentary rock that sandstone is altered by the
heat, pressure, and chemical
isometric crystals are formed
activity of metamorphism.
from.  It forms where large
volumes of sea water or salty
lake water evaporate from
Foliated rocks - are a type of metamorphic rock
an arid-climate basin --
that has a characteristic banded (or striped)
where there is a replenishing
pattern. Foliated rocks are produced by exposure to
flow of salt water and a
heat and directed pressure.
restricted input of other water.
Chert is composed of remains of siliceous ooze, 2 examples of foliated rocks:
the sediment which covers Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous
the major portion of the metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-
deep ocean floor. It type sedimentary rock
commonly occurs in the composed of clay or
form of nodules, layered volcanic ash through low-
deposits and grade regional
concretionary masses. metamorphism. Slate is
formed when a
METAMORPHUC ROCKS -. Metamorphic rocks sedimentary rock (shale,
are formed when rock changes over a period of mudstone, or basalt) is compressed.
time due to a lot of physical changes like pressure,
heat and different chemical activity. It is classified Phyllite is a foliated
as either foliated or non-foliated depending on their metamorphic rock that has
mineral structure and pattern. been subjected to low levels
Types of metamorphic rock: of heat, pressure and
chemical activity. It is
Non-foliated - are formed around igneous composed mainly of flake-
intrusions where the temperatures are high but the shaped mica minerals in
pressures are relatively low and equal in all parallel alignment.
directions.  It is composed of minerals that do not
elongate or align during metamorphosis, non-