CLICK TO START

Now Loading.
Now Loading..
Now Loading...
Now Loading.
Now Loading..
Now Loading...
Now Loading.
Now Loading..
Now Loading...
Now
Get Loading.
Ready
v.1.18.1
 Petrology

Classification of Rocks

Distiction between Igneous, Sedimentray

and Metaphorphic.

Discription, Occurence, Properties and

Distribution of the following Rocks.
Generating World

Building Terrain
Generating World

Building Terrain
Generating World

Building Terrain
Generating World

Building Terrain
Generating World

Building Terrain
Is the branch of geology that studies
the origin, composition,distribution Jame Hall
and structure of rocks Father of Petrology
Generating World

Building Terrain
Generating World

Building Terrain
Generating World

Building Terrain
Generating World

Building Terrain
Generating World

Building Terrain
 Classification of Rocks
There are three major classes of
rocks, IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY,
and METAMORPHIC.

Form by crystallization from molten or partially

material, called MAGMA. Magma comes mainly from two
places where it is formed, (1) in the asthenosphere and (2) in
the base of the crust above subducting lithosphere at a
convergent plate boundary. There are two subclasses of
igneous rock, VOLCANIC (sometime called EXTRUSIVE),
and PLUTONIC (sometimes called INTRUSIVE).
Two Subclass of
Igneous Rocks

Form at the Earth’s surface. They cool and

crystallized from magma which has spilled out onto the
surface at a volcano. At the surface, the magma is more
familiarly known as LAVA
Two Subclass of
Igneous Rocks

Form form magma that cools and crystallizes

beneath the Earth’s surface. In a sense,this is the portion of
the magma that never makes it to the surface. For the
plutonic rock to become exposed at the surface, it must be
tectonically uplifted and the overlying material must be
removed by erosion.
 Classification of
Sedimentary Rocks

Rocks that has formed through the deposition and

solidfication of sediment, especially sediment transported by water
(river, lakes, oceans, ice (glaciers), and wind). Sedimentary rocks
are often deposited in layers, and frequently contain fossils.
Example of sedimentary rocks include conglomarate, sandstone and
shale,and chert.
 Classification of
Metamorphic Rocks

Form when a sedimentary or igneous rock is exposed to

high pressure, high temperature, or both, deep below the surface of
the Earth. Metamorphic Rock is just igneous and sedimentary rock
formed together by the elements of nature. It can also contain fossils
from Sedimentary and Igneous Rock. The most common types if
Metamorphic Rock are Amphibolite, Phyllite, and Gneiss.
Generating World

Building Terrain
Generating World

Building Terrain
Generating World

Building Terrain
Generating World

Building Terrain
Generating World

Building Terrain
Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
Rock Rocks Rocks

Example Example Example

Igneous Rocks

“Ignis” means Fire

Igneous Rock are formed from

magma which is molten material
found deep inside the earth
 Instrusive Igneous Rocks
crystallize below Earth's surface,
and the slow cooling that occurs
there allows large crystals to form.
 Extrusive igneous rocks
erupt onto the surface, where
they cool quickly to form small
crystals
Sedimentary
Rock
• Sedimentary rocks form is from the
compaction and celebration of sediments.
• Sediments are a result of denudation
(weathering and erosion) of all types of
rocks.
• Sediments are classified according to their
size. Categories: clay, slits, sand, pebble,
cobble, and boulder.
 Depending upon the mode of
formation, sedimentary rocks
are classified into:

Clastic Sedimentary
Rocks Chemical
Sedimentary Rocks
Organic
Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Sedimentary
Rocks
Clastic rocks are defined as being composed
of consolinated sediments formed by the
accumulation of fragments derived from
preexisting rocks and transported as separate
particles to their places of deposition by
purely mechanical agents
Compacted and
Cemented
sediments.
These fragments may be transported
by water, wind, ice, or gravity.
Clastic Sedimentary Example of Clastic
Rocks Sedimentary Rocks
Organic Sedimentary
Rocks
The remains of plants and animals are buried under
sediments, and due to heat and pressure from
overlying layers, their composition changes. Coal
and limestone are well-known examples.

Form from accumulation and

lithification of organic debris
 Organic Example of Organic
Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks
 Chemical
Sedimentray Rocks

Water containing minerals evaporate at the

mouth of springs or salt lakes and give rise
to Stalactites and stalagmites (deposits of
lime left over by the lime-mixed water as it
evaporates in the underground caves).
Chemically Example of Sedimentary
Form rock form Chemically
Metamorphic
Rocks
• The word metamorphic means ‘change of form’.
• Metamorphism is a process by which recrystallisation and
reorganization of minerals occur within a rock. This occurs
due to pressure, volume and temperature changes.
• When rocks are forced down to lower levels by tectonic
processes or when molten magma rising through the crust
comes in contact with the crustal rocks, metamorphosis
occurs.
Metamorphic
Rocks

Two types of Metamorphism

• Contact Metamorphism
• Regional Metamorphism
 Limestone
 Marble
 SandStone
 Metamorphic
Rocks
Sedimentary
Rocks
Igneous
Rock
Granite is a coarse-grained
intrusive igneous rock
composed mostly of quartz,
alkali feldspar and
plagioclase
The granite must form by
the melting of continental
rocks.
Type- Igneous Rock
Texture – Coarse Texture
Grain Size – Coarse Graine
Hardness – Hard
Color – Mostly Commonly Pink, White, Varation
Of Gray Ang Black
Mineral Composition – Quartz Potassium
Feldspar Mic Amphiboles And Trace Other
Minerals
It is in large plutons on the
continents, in areas where
the Earth’s crust has been
deeply eroded.
Syenite is a coarse-grained
intermediate intrusive
igneous rock with
pandiomorphic and
hypidiomorphic.
 Producing syenite is
necessary to melt a granitic
or igneous protolith to a
fairly low degree of partial
melting.
Group – Plutonic
Texture – Phaneritic
Colour – Variable but typically light
coloured.
Mineral Content – orthoclase, with
lesser to minor plagioclase, minor mica,
augite, hornblende, magnetite etc.
 Syenite is not a common
rock. This are the following
region where it occurs in
significant quantities:
 Medium to coarse-grained
intrusive igneous rock that
commonly is composed of
about two – thirds plagioclase
feldspar and one-third dark-
coloured minerals,such as
hornblende or biotite
Occurs in small bodies such as
sills, dikes, stocks, or as more
irregular masses associated
with gabbro and batholiths of
granodiorite and granite
Types – Igneous Rock
Texture – Phaneritic Texture
Grain Size – Coarse grained
Hardness – Hard
Color – Approximately half dark, half
white
Mineral Composition – Sodium, Calcium
Plagioc;ase, Quartz, Hornblende, biotite
 Diorite is an intrusive rock
intermediate in composition between
gabbro and granite. It is produced
in volcanic arcs, and in mountain
building where it can occur in large
volumes as batholiths in the roots of
mountains.
 Gabbro is a coarse-grained,
dark-colored, intrusive igneous
rock. It is usually black or dark
green in color and composed
mainly of the minerals
plagioclase and augite. It is the
most abundant rock in the deep
oceanic crust.
 Gabbro are plutonic rocks
formed by cooling and
crystallization of molten magma
trapped under the Earth's
surface and chemically
equivalent to extrusive basalt.
Type – Igneous Rock
Texture – Allotriomorphic Texture
Grain Size – Coarse-grained
Hardness – Hard
Color – Dark gray to greenish black
color.
Mineral Composition – Plagioclase
feldspar and pyroxene
Type – Igneous Rock
Texture – Allotriomorphic Texture
Grain Size – Coarse-grained
Hardness – Hard
Color – Dark gray to greenish black
color.
Mineral Composition – Plagioclase
feldspar and pyroxene
It generally occurs as batholiths and
laccoliths and is often found along
mid – ocean ridges or in ancient
mountaine composed of compressed
and uplifted oceanic crust. This
coarse, dark coloured igneous rock
can be seen on island such as skye,
off the north west coast of scotland.
 Pegmatite contains exceptionally
large crystals and they contain
rarely minerals than other types of
rocks. They have interlocking
crystals usually larger than 2.5 cm
in size. Generally most Pegmatite
are found in sheets of rock that are
dikes and veins Also near large
masses of igneous rocks called
batholiths.
 Pegmatite is extreme igneous rocks
that form during the final stage of a
magma’s crystallization. They are
extreme because they contain
exceptionally large crystals and they
sometimes contain minerals that are
rarely found in other types of rocks.
Type- Igneous Rock
Texture- Phaneritic texture
Grain Size- very coarse grained
Hardness- Hard
Color- Pink, grey- white
Mineral Composition- microcline,
amazonite, albite, and quartz
Bodies of pegmatite are most abundant in
the shield areas and younger mountain
chains of the continents. They are
essentially restricted to terranes of igneous
and metamorphic rocks; within the prisms
and blankets of sediments and
sedimentary rocks they occur only as
minor associates of scattered igneous
masses.
 Diabase, also called Dolerite, fine- to
medium-grained, dark gray to black
intrusive igneous rock. It is extremely
hard and tough and is commonly
quarried for crushed stone, under the
name of trap. These concentrations are
commonly believed to have developed
by the settling of early formed crystals
in molten diabase.
Dolerite is widespread and occurs
in dikes (tabular bodies inserted
in fissures), sills (tabular bodies
inserted while molten between
other rocks), and other relatively
small, shallow bodies.
Type- Igneous Rock
Texture- Ophitic texture
Grain Size- Fine to Medium grained
Hardness- extremely hard
Color- dark gray and black
Mineral Composition- plagioclase,
pyroxene, hornblende and quartz.
 Dolerite is the name given to the
medium-grained intrusive basic
igneous rock commonly found in
dykes and sills; in North America
and continental Europe it is often
referred to as diabase, but many
authors restrict this term to altered
dolerite
 Basalt is an aphanitic extrusive
igneous rock formed from the
rapid cooling of low-viscosity
lava rich in magnesium and iron
exposed at or very near the
surface of a rocky planet or
moon. More than 90% of all
volcanic rock on Earth is basalt.
 Basalts are formed by the rapid
cooling of basaltic lava, equivalent
to gabbro-norite magma, from
interior of the crust and exposed at
or very close to the surface of Earth.
These basalt flows are quite thick
and extensive, in which gas cavities
are almost absent.
Type- Igneous Rock
Texture- Aphanitic or fine-grained mineral
texture
Grain Size- fined-grained
Hardness- Hard
Color- usually dark gray to black color
Mineral Composition- minute grains of
plagioclase feldspar (generally labradorite),
pyroxene, olivine, biotite, hornblende, and less
than 20% quartz
Basalt is the most common composition of lava
rocks that cool from magma, liquid rock that
rises from the deep Earth at volcanoes. Today
basalt is forming at many active rifts,
including Iceland, the East African Rift Valley,
the Red Sea and the Rio Grande Valley of New
Mexico and Colorado. The crustal portions
of oceanic tectonic plates are composed
predominantly of basalt, produced from
upwelling mantle below the ocean ridges.
Sandstone is one of the most
common types of
sedimentary rock, and it is
found in sedimentary basins
throughout the world.
 Occurence
 first, a layer or layers of sand accumulates
as the result of sedimentation, either from
water (as in a river, lake, or sea) or from air
(as in a desert).
 Finally, once it has accumulated, the sand
becomes sandstone when it is compacted by
pressure of overlying deposits and cemented
by the precipitation of minerals within the
pore spaces between sand grains.
 Properties
 Variable colors and hues are found in
sandstone. Those are beige, black, brown,
cream, dark brown, green, grey, light gree,
light to dark grey, pink, red, white, yellow,
and some are colorless.
 Darker hues of sandstone
 It has clastic texture, smooth to rough
texture
 It is sturdy durable and weather-resistant
 Distribution

Its deposit found every where in

the world
It formation found mainly in the
terresetial milieu and marine
milieu.
 Limestone is a sedimentary rock
composed principally of calcium
carbonate (calcite) or the double
carbonate of calcium and magnesium
(dolomite). It is commonly composed
of tiny fossils, shell fragments and
other fossilized debris.
 Occurence

It is a sedimentary rock. It forms

predominantly on the sea floor where
material rich in calcium carbonate
(‘calcareous’ material) accumulates.
This calcareous material may be
organic, chemical or detrital in origin.
 Properties
 Colour: It can be yellow, white, or
gray
 Chemical Composition: Calcite
 Texture – Clastic or Non-Clastic
 Grain size – Variable, can consist of
clasts of all sizes.
 Hardness – Generally hard
 Distribution
Limestone forms in various ways,
most commonly forming in shallow,
calm, and warm marine waters. These
buildups of limestone can be found
between 30 degrees North Latitude
and 30 degrees South Latitude of the
globe.
 Distribution
Limestone forms in various ways,
most commonly forming in shallow,
calm, and warm marine waters. These
buildups of limestone can be found
between 30 degrees North Latitude
and 30 degrees South Latitude of the
globe.
 Shale is the most
common sedimentary rock,
accounting for about 70 percent
of the rock found in the Earth's
crust. It is a fine-grained clastic
sedimentary rock
 Occurence
Shale forms via compaction from
particles in slow or quiet water, such
as river deltas, lakes, swamps, or the
ocean floor. Heavier particles sink and
form sandstone and limestone, while
clay and fine silt remain suspended in
water.
 Properties
 Shale is a fine-grained rock made from
compacted mud and clay.
 Natural gas and petroleum may be
extracted from oil shale.
 The color of shale depends on its
composition.
 shale is fissile
 Shale is laminated,
 Distribution

are often found with layers

of sandstone or limestone. They
typically form in environments where
muds, silts, and other sediments were
deposited by gentle transporting
currents and became compacted
 Conglomerate is a
clastic sedimentary
rock made up of rounded
clasts that are greater than
two millimeters in diameter.
 Occurrence
Conglomerates often begin when a sediment
consisting mainly of pebble- and cobble-size
clasts is being deposited. The finer-size sand and
clay, which fill the spaces between the larger
clasts, is often deposited later on top of the large
clasts and then sifts down between them to fill
the interstitial spaces. After compaction, the
precipitation of a chemical cement between the
grains will bind the sediment into a rock.
 Properties
Texture: Clastic (coarse-grained).
Grain size: > 2mm; Clasts easily visible to
the naked eye, should be identifiable.
Hardness: Soft to hard, dependent on clast
composition and strength of cement.
Colour: variable, dependent on clast and
matrix composition.
Clasts: variable, but generally harder rock
types and / or minerals dominate.
 Distribution
Conglomerates are deposited in
various sedimentary environments.
• Deepwater marine
• Shallow marine
• Fluvial
• Alluvial
• Glacial
 Breccia is a term most often used for
clastic sedimentary rocks that are
composed of large angular fragments
(over two millimeters in diameter).
The spaces between the large angular
fragments are filled with a matrix of
smaller particles and a mineral cement
that binds the rock together.
 Occurrence
Breccia forms where broken, angular
fragments of rock or mineral debris
accumulate. One of the most common
locations for breccia formation is at the base
of an outcrop where mechanical weathering
debris accumulates. Another is in stream
deposits a short distance from the outcrop or
on an alluvial fan.
 Properties
Texture: Clastic (coarse-grained).
Grain size: > 2mm; Clasts easily visible to
the naked eye, should be identifiable.
Hardness: Soft to hard, dependent on clast
composition and strength of cement.
Colour: variable, dependent on clast and
matrix composition.
Clasts: variable, but generally harder rock
types and / or minerals dominate.
 Distribution

Breccia can be found near

landslides, fault zones and
cryptolithicexplosion events.
Quartzite Marble

Gneiss Slate Schist

 Quartzite is a nonfoliated
metamorphic rock composed
almost entirely of quartz. It forms
when quartz-rich sandstone is
altered by the heat, pressure, and
chemical activity of
metamorphism.
 Occurrence
• Mountains and hillsides are typical
places to find quartzite. Quartzite
forms at convergent tectonic plate
boundaries.
• Quartzite is metamorphosed
sandstone formed when quartz-rich
sandstone or chert has been exposed
to high temperatures and pressures.
 Properties
• Texture - granular. - Introduced by William
Christian Krumbein, it is the convenient means
of visualizing and statistically analyzing
sediment grain size distributions over a wide
range of particle sizes
• Grain size - medium grained
• Hardness – hard (Mohs scale :7)
• Color - May vary but pure quartzite is white
• Other features - generally gritty to touch.
 Distribution

Can be found mostly in a high

mountain range places such as
United States, Brazil, Continental
Europe, United Kingdom, Africa,
Ireland, Canada etc.
 Marble is a metamorphic rock that
forms when limestone or dolomite is
subjected to the heat and pressure of
metamorphism. It is composed
primarily of the mineral calcite and
usually contains other minerals, such
as clay minerals, micas, quartz, pyrite,
iron oxides, and graphite.
 Occurrence
• Most of them are found in shallow parts of the
ocean caves.
• The transformation of limestone into marble
usually occurs at convergent plate boundaries
where large areas of Earth's crust are exposed to
the heat and pressure of regional
metamorphism. Some marble also forms by
contact metamorphism when a hot magma body
heats adjacent limestone or dolostone. This
process also occurs at convergent plate
boundaries
 Properties
• Most marble is made into either crushed stone or
dimension stone. Crushed stone is used as an aggregate in
highways, railroad beds, building foundations, and other
types of construction.
• Color: Marble is usually a light-colored rock. When it
is formed from a limestone with very few impurities, it
will be white in color.
• Acid Reaction: Being composed of calcium Color:
Marble is usually a light-colored rock. When it is formed
from a limestone with very few impurities, it will be
white in color. carbonate, marble will react in contact
with many acids, neutralizing the acid.
 Properties
• Hardness: Being composed of calcite, marble has a
hardness of three on the Mohs hardness scale. As a
result, marble is easy to carve, and that makes it useful
for producing sculptures and ornamental objects.
• Ability to Accept a Polish: After being sanded with
progressively finer abrasives, marble can be polished
to a high luster. This allows attractive pieces of marble
to be cut, polished, and used as floor tiles,
architectural panels, facing stone, window sills, stair
treads, columns, and many other pieces of decorative
stone.
 Distribution

Marble can be found all over the

world, but the four countries where it
is most prevalent are Italy, Spain,
India, and China. The most
prestigious famous white marble
comes from Carrara, Italy.
 A foliated metamorphic rock that is a
common distributes type of rock high-
grade regional metamorphic
approaches from pre-current
formations that have been initially
both igneous and sedimentary rocks.
 Occurrence

Gneiss usually forms by regional

metamorphism at convergent plate
boundaries. It is a high-grade
metamorphic rock in which mineral
grains recrystallized under intense heat
and pressure
 Properties
• Name origin: Gneiss word first has been used English since
at least 1757. Probably origin is german word Gneis that mean
“spark” (rock glitters).
• Parent Rock: Shale, granitic and volcanic rocks
• Texture: Foliated
• Grain size: Medium to coarse grained
• Hardness: Hard. (Ranges 6-7 on Mohs scale)
• Colour: generally alternating lighter and darker sub-parallel
discontinuous bands. The darker bands have incredibly extra
mafic minerals. The lighter bands incorporate fantastically
extra felsic minerals
 Distribution

Can be found worldwide since the

rock itself can be found in the
cores of mountain ranges and in
Precambrian crystalline terrains.
 A fine-grained, foliated
metamorphic rock this is created
via the alteration of shale or
mudstone by means of low-grade
local metamorphism. Slate
normally is formed from a
sedimentary rock.
 Occurrence

Slate normally forms in basins

between convergent plate
boundaries. They were originally
formed as deep-water mudstones
on an ancient sea-floor around
500 million years ago.
 Properties
• Colour: Variable colour – black, blue, green, red, brown and
buff.
• Texture – Foliated Metamorphic Rock
• Grain size – Very fine-grained
• Hardness – Hard and brittle. (Slate ranks at 5.5 on the Mohs
scale)
• Other features – smooth to touch.
• Major minerals: Quartz and muscovite or illite frequently
along with biotite, chlorite, hematite, and pyrite
• Accessory minerals: Apatite, graphite, kaolinite, magnetite,
tourmaline, or zircon as well as feldspar
 Distribution

Slate is produced worldwide but the best

slate is said to come from certain countries
such as Brazil and the United Kingdom. Slate
can be found in various places such as on the
sides of cliffs, underground, and in pits. Slate
normally is formed from a sedimentary rock.
 Description
Schist is a foliated metamorphic rock
made up of plate-shaped mineral grains
that are large enough to see with an
unaided eye. A rock does not need a
specific mineral composition to be called
"schist." It only needs to contain enough
platy metamorphic minerals in alignment
to exhibit distinct foliation. This type of
breakage is known as schistosity.
 Occurrence
It usually forms on a continental side of a
convergent plate boundary where
sedimentary rocks, such as shales and
mudstones, have been subjected to
compressive forces, heat, and chemical
activity. Schists are mostly the precambrian
ages rocks. It usually occur the regional
metamorphism of existing rock.
 Properties
• Differrence between gneiss- The key difference between schist
and gneiss is that schist is made of mudstone or shale, whereas
gneiss is made of micas, chlorite or other platy minerals.
• Name origin: The name is derived from the Greek word that
means “to split.”
• Type: Medium-grade metamorphic rock
• Texture – Foliated and have a Schistosity Texture
• Grain size – Fine to medium grained
• Hardness –Hard. Ranges from 4 to 5 on the Moh's scale
• Colour – Usually alternating lighter and darker bands, often shiny.
 Distribution

It can be found in many countries with

convergent plate boundaries including
Brazil, parts of the US and Ireland. It
is also found in Precambrian terrains
which are underneath the earth’s crust.