ROCK & ROCK

CYCLE
 Why should we study
rock?

Many ongoing processes constantly change the

surface of the globe.
Our Earth is cyclic and restless.
What is a Rock?
A rock is a solid
aggregate of one or
more minerals.
Rocks are solid
materials that are
made of one or more
minerals.
Do You Know?
How do rocks
change?
How are rocks
formed?
 Fast Changes
Think about these:
Volcanoes
Earthquakes
Heat and earth’s movement change what rocks
look like and change landforms. What landforms
do volcanoes and earthquakes form?
 Changes and the Rock
Cycle

What are the parts of the rock cycle that you should
know?
 ROCK CYCLE
All rocks are in a constant (although extremely slow) state
of change due to:
Weathering and erosion (breaks rocks into sediments)
Compaction and cementation (creates new
Sedimentary rocks)
Movement of Earth’s crust (causes pressure and heat)
Volcanic activity (melts rocks into magma and creates
igneous rocks)

The Rock Cycle shows how one rock type can transform
into another type of rock.
 How does this relate to plate
tectonics?
Plate movement
drives the rock cycle
◦ Subduction (1 plate
pushed under another
plate)
◦ Re-melts rock into magma
◦ Mountain building
◦ Folding, faulting, uplift
◦ Exposes rock at the
surface to be weathered
and eroded
ROCK CYCLE
 CLASSIFICATION OF
ROCKS
Each rock type is classified by how they are
formed
The 3 Rock Types
 Igneous
 Sedimentary
 Metamorphic
 What makes them different?
 What do they have in common?
 Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks

Formed from the cooling Formed by the compaction and

and crystallization of lava cementation of sediments into
or magma (molten rock) layers of rock

•Intrusive or Extrusive • Clastic (rock fragments)

•Mafic or Felsic OR
All rocks
• Nonclastic:
• Can be composed of • Chemical
minerals, volcanic glass, • Organic
organic matter, or other
materials
• Can be changed
(over geologic time) into
another type of rock
• RecycledRocks
Metamorphic

Formed by heat and pressure

changing other rocks

•Foliated or non-foliated
IGNEOUS ROCK
IGNEOUS ROCK
Igneous Rocks are formed by melting, cooling,
and crystallization of other rocks.
Igneous rocks form as a result of volcanic activity,
hot spots, and melting that occurs in the mantle.
The word “igneous” comes from the greek word
“ignis” meaning, fire.
Igneous rocks are common along plate boundaries
or mantle hot spots
 TWO TYPES OF IGNEOUS
ROCKS
Extrusive igneous: cooling takes place
rapidly on Earth’s surface
Intrusive igneous: cooling takes place
slowly beneath Earth’s surface
Classification Of Igneous Rocks Based
On Color And Mineral Content
Felsic- are those that are light in color and
are mostly made up of feldspar and silicates.
Mafic- are dark colored and are mostly made
up of magnesium and iron.
Intermidiate rocks fall somewhere between
being felsic and mafic.
Ultramafic rocks are very dark colored.
 Classification Of Igneous Rocks
Based on Texture
Glassy igneous rocks have no crystal structure, and probably formed by
very rapid cooling (such as on the surface of a lava, or when a lava
enters the water.)
Aphanitic rocks have no visible crystals, and probably formed by fast
cooling above ground.
Phaneritic rocks have visible crystals, and probably formed by slow
cooling below ground.
Porphyritic rocks have both visible and nonvisible crystals, and probably
formed by two different cooling events.

Glassy Aphanitic Phaneritic Poryphyritic

SEDIMENTARY
ROCK
 Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary rock:
forms from the
compaction and/or
cementation of
sediments
This process is called
lithification Limestone

Sediments are:
◦ Rock pieces
◦ Mineral grains
◦ Shell fragments
 How do sediments form?
Sediments form weathering
through the
processes of
weathering and
erosion of rocks
exposed at Earth’s
surface

erosion
 Sedimentary Rock con’t….
Sedimentary rock can
also form from the
chemical depositing of
materials that were
once dissolved in water

When water
evaporates, minerals gypsum
are left behind and
form rock
 THREE TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCK
Clastic Sedimentary
Rocks
Chemical
Sedimentary Rocks
Organic Sedimetary
Rock
CLADISTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Composed of particles of weathered rocks,
such as pebbles and sand grains.
Conglomerate-rocks made up of rounded
pebbles cemented together.
Brecia-angular pebbles cemented together
Sandstone- made from silt particles
cemented together
Shale- made from silt particles cemented
together but with finer grain size
 CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCK
formed when dissolved materials
precipitate from a solution.
Halite-made when body of seawater
becomes closed off and evaporates.
Selenite-an evaporate made of calcium
sulphate; appears as clear flattened crystals.
Limestone-made of calcium carbonate or
calcite, most common source is the shells of
marine organism.
 ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY ROCK
formed from the
accumulation of plant or
animal debris.
Coal- composed of
organic matter in the form
of plant fragments
METAMORPHIC
ROCK
 METAMORPHIC ROCK
Metamorphic rocks are formed by heat
and pressure changing one type of rock
into another type of rock.
Metamorphic rocks form near lava
intrusions, at plate subduction zones,
and in deep mountain roots.
Lava intrusions can provide heat that
causes metamorphic rocks to form.
These small areas of metamorphic rock
form from contact metamorphosis.
 TWO MAJOR GROUP OF
METAMORPHIC ROCK
Foliated rocks form when differential
pressure causes minerals to form in
layers.
These rocks will have stripes or planes
that they will break easily along.
Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks
formed in areas where the pressure
from all sides was equal, so there is no
“linear” quality to the rocks.
a. Cementation and compaction (lithification)
b. Heat and pressure
c. Weathering, transportation(erosion), and deposition
d. Cooling and solidification
e. Melting
  Based on the
processes shown in
the diagram, which
type of rock is formed
at #1?
 
  A. Sedimentary
 B. Igneous
C. Metamorphic
D. Clastic
 
  
 
Because heat and
pressure are needed
to form #3, it must be
what type of rock?
 
A.     Sedimentary
B.     Igneous
C.     Metamorphic
D.     Clastic
Metamorphic Rock
Original Rock Metamorphic Rock

Sandstone Quartzite

Limestone Marble

Shale Slate, Schist

Granite Gneiss
 CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Original Rock
Metamorphic Rock
Sandstone
Quartzite
Limestone
Marble
Shale
Slate, Schist
Granite
Gneiss