Origins of the

Universe
 WORDS TO PONDER
•LAW
•THEORY
•HYPOTHESIS
 What is Cosmology?

•
 The Formation of the
Universe
• WHAT IS BIG BANG
THEORY?
 BIG BANG THEORY

• The proponents of the theory is a Belgian

Roman catholic priest GEORGES HENRI
JOSEPH EDOUARD LEMAITRE in 1927
 BIG BANG THEORY
• Hot and infinitely dense point
• Only a few millimeters wide
• Similar to the supercharged Black Hole
• 13.7 billion years ago
 BIG BANG THEORY
• MATTER
• ENERGY
• SPACE
• TIME
The Big Bang Timeline
 TWO MAJOR STAGES

• RADIATION ERA
•MATTER ERA
STAGES OF RADIATION ERA
• 1. PLANCK
• 2.GRAND UNIFICATION
• 3.INFLATIONARY
• 4.ELECTROWEAK
• 5.QUARK
• 6.HADRON
• 7.LEPTON
• 8.NUCLEAR
 1.RADIATION ERA
• NAMED FOR THE
DOMINACE OF
RADIATION
1.1 PLANCK EPOCH
• 0 to 10^-43 seconds
• NO MATTER EXISTED
• SUPERFORCE
• GRAVITY
1.2 GRAND UNIFICATION
EPOCH
• 10^-43 seconds
• GRAND UNIFIED FORCE
(Electromagnetic, Strong Nuclear, Electrowea
• GRAVITY
• STRONG NUCLEAR
1.3 INFLATIONARY EPOCH
• 10^-36 Seconds
•UNIVERSE RAPIDLY
EXPANDED
•VERY HOT
1.4 ELECTROWEAK EPOCH
• 10^32 Seconds
• GRAVITY
• STRONG NUCLEAR
• ELECTROMAGNETIC
• ELECWEAK
1.5 QUARKS EPOCH
• 10^-12 Seconds
• Too hot and dense for
subatomic particles to
form
1.6 HADRON EPOCH
• 10^-6 Seconds
•Cooled down enough for
quarks to bind.
 1.7 LEPTON AND 1.8 NUCLEAR
EPOCH
LEPTON
• 1 Second
NUCLEAR
100 Seconds
• LAST TWO STAGES OF RADIATION ERA
• HELIUM
 2. MATTER ERA
• THE PRESENCE AND
PREDOMINANCE OF MATTER
• THREE STAGES(1. ATOMIC 2.
GALACTIC 3. STELLAR)
 2.1 ATOMIC EPOCH
• 50,000 Years
• Cooled down enough for Electrons to
attached to a nuclei
• HYDROGEN
 2.2 GALLACTIC EPOCH
• 200 Million Years
• ATOMIC CLOUDS
 2.3 STELLAR EPOCH
• 3 Billion Years
• STARS ARE FORMED
 EDWIN HUBBLE
THEORY-1929
•Universe is
expanding
•REDSHIFTS
 ARNO PENZAIS AND
ROBERT WILSON (1965)
• COSMIC
MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
(CMB)
RADIATION
 COSMIC INFLATION
THEORY
• ALAN GUTH AND ANDRIE LINDE
• The early universe went under rapid
expansion of space and time.
• STATES THAT early universe was rapidly
expanding bubble of pure vacuum of energy.
 STEADY STATE THEORY
• Sir James Jeans (1877-1946)
• Fred Hoyle (1915-2001), Herman
Bondi(1919-2005), Thomas Gold
(1920-2004)
 STEADY STATE THEORY
• FRED HOYLE, THOMSA
GOLD,AND HERMAN BONDI
 STEADY STATE THEORY
• The universe is always expanding
in a constant average density.
• The universe has no beginning or
end in time.
 CREATIONISM

• Supreme being created the

universe
 ATOMIC UNIVERSE
• LEUCIPPUS AND
DEMOCRITUS
 THE UNIVERSE
• GEOCENTRIC
UNIVERSE
• HELIOCENTIC
UNIVERSE
 GEOCENTRIC UNIVERSE
• ARISTOTLE AND
CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY
 HELIOCENTRIC
UNIVERSE
• NICOLAUS CAPERNICUS-1543
•THEORY OF HELIOCENTRISM
 ISAAC NEWTON 1678
• THE UNIVERSE AS A STATIC

•INFINITE UNIVERSE
 RENE DECRATES
• CARTESIAN VORTEX MODEL
•INVOLVED A SYSTEM OF HUGE
SWIRLING WHIRPOOLS OF FINE
MATTER.
•GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS
Structure &
Composition of
the Universe
THE BEGINNING OF THE UNIVERSE
 Composition of the Universe

• The Universe is made

of 74% Dark Energy;
22% Dark Matter and
4% Atoms
 Composition of the Universe
• The Universe is made of 74% Dark Energy;
22% Dark Matter and 4% Atoms
• Dark Energy- is the energy of the empty
space; it causes the expansion of the
universe to accelerate.
• Dark Matter is considered a hypothetical
kind of matter that cannot be seen with
telescopes
 “Normal Matter”
4%
Composition of the Universe
Dark Energy
74%

Dark Matter
22%
 What makes up the universe?

•There are an estimated 100

billion galaxies in the
universe.
•Milky Way Galaxy
 What makes up the universe?
• A star is a large celestial body that is
composed of gas and emits light.
• Most stars are composed almost
entirely of hydrogen and helium.
ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS
• Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) & Pierre
Simon Laplace (1749-1827).
• Presumes that the solar system began
as a cloud of dispersed interstellar gas
called nebula.
PROTOPLANET THEORY
• IS A MODIFIED VERSION OF
NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS
• GERALD KUIPER AND CARLVON
WEIZSACKER
PLANETARY FORMATION
• HAROLD UREY
• HE PROVIDED EVIDENCE THE
TERRESTRIAL PLANETS WERE
FORMED AT
 PLANETESIMAL THEORY
• Proposed by Victor S. Safronov in
1941
• Developed by THOMAS
CHROWDERChamberlin & FOREST
RAY R. Moulton
• The early period of the solar system,
planets were formed from the
accretion of small space bodies.
Tidal Theory
James Jeans & Harold
Jeffreys
• stars passed close to the
sun, creating tides and
causing materials to be
ejected.
THE EARTH
WHAT ARE THE UNIQUE
CHARACTERSISTIC OF
EARTH THAT ALLOWS THE
EXISTENCE OF LIFE.
THE EARTH
IT’S THE ONLY PLANET IN THE
SOLAR SYSTEM WITH LIQUID.
IT’S THE ONLY PLANET WHOSE
ATMOSPHERE CONTAINS LARGE
AMOUNT OF OXYGEN.
ONLY PLANET KNOWN TO
SUPPORT LIFE.
HABITABLE ZONE
THE EARTH’S DISTANCE
FROM THE SUN
SHAPE
OBLATE SPHERIOD.
• The planet Earth is not a
perfect sphere, but rather an
oblate spheriod
• Flattened at the poles
• Bulging at the equator
• Due to rotation about its axis
MOTION OF THE EARTH

ROTATION
W TO E
COUNTERCLOCKWISE
23 HOURS AND 56
MINUTES.
REVOLUTION
EARTH REVOLVES AROUND
THE SUN IN ELLIPTICAL OR
OVAL ORBIT FROM W TO E
IT TAKES 356, 5 HOURS 48
MINUTES AND 46
SECONDS(356 ¼ DAYS).
EQUINOX AND SOLSTICE
E= MONTH OF MARCH AND
SEPTEMBER
S=MONTH OF JUNE AND
DECEMEBR
D=LONGEST DAY
J=LONGEST NIGHT
REGIONS OF THE EARTH
ARTIC CIRCLE 23.5 DEGREE TO 66.5 N
TROPIC OF CANCER EQUATOR / O
DEGREE TO 23. 5 DEGREE N
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN= EQUATOR/
O DEGREE TO 23.5 S
ANNTARTIC CIRCLE= 23.5 DEGREE TO
66.5 DEGREE S
SYSTEMS OF THE EARTH
GEOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
BIOSPHERE