Answers Workbook

1 Forces and motion c T

d F – All objects that accelerate have balanced
1.1 Introduction to forces forces acting on them.
1 Correct answers in order: gravity, friction, air Extension:
resistance, air resistance, gravity, upthrust. a A resultant force is the single force that is
2 The forces have been incorrectly labelled on the equivalent to two or more forces acting on
first diagram – drag is a combination of friction an object.
and air resistance that acts to slow down a moving b From top to bottom: 0 N, 2400 N, – 100 N, 1200 N.
object. Thrust is a force that acts in the direction c A – continue moving at a steady speed;
that an object is moving, like a car. B – accelerate; C – decelerate; D – accelerate.
To correctly label the diagram the up arrow should
be upthrust, and the down arrow should be gravity. 1.3 Friction
3a Inside a spring balance is a spring. The extension 1 Correct answers in order: newtons, in contact,
of the spring is proportional to the amount of lubrication, opposite to.
force applied. When a force is a applied, the 2 From top to bottom: large, large, small, large.
spring stretches and the display shows how much 3 Friction … … of friction.
force has been applied dependent on the spring’s It is difficult to walk … rely on friction
extension. on an icy pavement to work.
b tension because …
c Weight is a measure of force, and is measured in Matches light … there is not
newtons. The bananas have a mass of 1 kg. because … much friction.
Extension:
Car brakes … … always slows
a
Contact forces Non-contact forces things down.
friction weight Extension:
air resistance electrostatic force a wood, paper, sandpaper, carpet
water resistance magnetic force b The mass of the block has increased, so he would
thrust need to lift the ramp higher.
upthrust 1.4 Gravity
tension 1 Both arrows should start on the people and point
towards the centre of the Earth.
b Any suitable answer: for example when
2a N
something is dropped into water.
b The third result is incorrect – the correct weight
c Any suitable answer: for example when a car
would be 2.0 N.
drives from a road onto gravel.
3a D
1.2 Balanced forces b D
1a Incorrect word: balanced. Extension:
When a cyclist is decelerating uphill the forces on a
him are unbalanced. Mass Weight Mass Weight Mass Weight
b Incorrect word: cannot. of on of on the of on the
A cyclist can reach terminal velocity going downhill. object Earth object Moon object planet
c Incorrect word: upthrust. on (N) on the (N) on the (N)
When friction and air resistance are equal to Earth Moon planet
thrust the cyclist is moving at terminal velocity.
50 g 0.5 50 g 0.08 50 g 2.5
2 The box will move to the left.
The box will not move. 500 g 5 500 g 0.8 500 g 25
The box will move to the left, more slowly than 2 kg 20 2 kg 3.2 2 kg 100
in the first case. 25 kg 250 25 kg 40 25 kg 1250
To measure the forces on the block you would use b 50 N/kg
a forcemeter. c The gravitational field strength of the planet is
3a T greater than that of Earth, so it has a greater mass.
b F – The forces on a rocket taking off are unbalanced.

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 1.5 Questions, evidence, and explanation 1.7 Planning investigations
1 Missing words in order: questions, observations, 1 Any suitable answers: How does the size of the
explanations, proof, ideas, evidence, explanations. mass affect the deflection?
2a Newton thought there was a force acting on Does the height of the books change the deflection?
the Moon because it was constantly changing 2 I predict that the further apart the books are the
direction. An object can only change direction if a greater the deflection will be.
force acts on it. 3 Distance between the books, mass of object, type
b It was hard for people to believe because the of card, height of books.
Earth is not touching the Moon. 4 Equipment: books, cardboard, masses, ruler.
c From top to bottom: Make observations using 5 Plan of investigation:
space telescopes. Check the evidence supports 6 A
the prediction Distance between Deflection
3a F – Evidence can support an explanation, but not the books
prove it is true. The explanation may be wring or
incomplete.
b T – It explained all observations at the time.
c T Extension:
d F – Scientist may look for a new explanation or Any suitable answer: The student might have problems
improve the current one.
Extension: 1.8 Tension and upthrust
a The Earth cannot be falling down as there is no 1a T
down in space, but it is being pulled towards b F – An object floats when the upthrust is equal to
the Sun. the weight.
b Bhaskaracharya and Newton both noticed that c F – The force holding a climber on a climbing
objects fall towards the Earth and that a force rope is tension.
must be acting on them, and that it would also be d T
acting on objects like the earth and the Moon. 2a B
c Bhaskaracharya could not test his ideas or make b A – 14 m
predictions, Newton was able to predict the c B
existence of Neptune. d A
e B
1.6 Air resistance Extension:
1 Missing words in order: friction, air resistance, The second boy is correct, as they go into deeper water
balanced, friction, air resistance, air resistance, the water level will stay the same as the forces acting
streamlined. on the boat will not change.
2 G, C, A, D, E, F, B
3a Birds take on a streamlined shape to dive 1.9 Presenting results – tables and graphs
into water and catch fish, to reduce the water 1 Area (cm2) Time (s)
resistance acting on them. 20 1.5
b Large parachutes slow you down more than small
40 2.2
parachutes because they have a larger surface area
and so experience more air resistance. 60 4.2
Extension: 80 3.6
a Down arrow labelled gravity, up arrow labelled 100 4.1
air resistance. On the Moon these arrows should 2a Students should plot the points from their table
be much smaller. and draw a line of best fit through points 1, 2, 4
b In both speed increases to reach a terminal and 5. Point 3 is anomalous.
velocity and then travel at a constant speed until b Both variables are continuous so it is appropriate
they reach the ground. The paper would fall to draw a line graph.
slower on the Moon as there is almost no air c Axis labels are missing from the graph.
resistance and less gravity. d Yes, it is point for 60 cm.
c Objects fall at the same rate even if they are e The student should repeat his experiment to get
different masses. Any difference in speed on another result.
Earth is caused by air resistance, but on the Moon
there is much less air resistance.

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 Extension: 2.2 Energy from the Sun
a No 1 The process that … to heat water.
b Even with no air resistance acting on the mass, it converts light energy
will take time to fall. from the Sun into
c Bar chart as the variable is categoric not continuous. chemical energy is …
1.10 Round in circles Wind turbines turn … … photosynthesis
1 Missing words in order: direction, centre, in plants.
centripetal, tension, gravity, Earth, centripetal. Energy in our … because
2 Q food … biofuels and
3a gravitational force fossil fuels come
b The cannonball will go into orbit if it is fired with from plants and
enough force that the force of gravity causes it to animals.
fall at the same rate as the Earth curves.
When it rains, water … comes from
c If the force was too big the satellite would not go
in rivers flows into energy stored
into orbit, but would accelerate into space.
artificial lakes that … in plants.
4 The chains are designed to hold many times the
Energy in fuels … can be used
weight of the person, because this is not the only
comes from the to generate
force acting on them. There is also a centripetal
Sun … electricity called
force acting on the chains.
hydroelectricity.
2 Energy Solar panels use … because energy
energy directly from from the Sun
2.1 What is energy?
the Sun … makes air move.
1 Missing words in order: energy, food, energy,
fuel, food, joules, 1000, joules. 2 Flow chart 1: plants use the light energy to make
2a oil chemical energy, dead plants are buried and turn
b wood into coal.
c 20 000 Flow chart 2: plants use the light energy to make
d 3g chemical energy, animals eat the plants and the
e gas energy is transferred.
3a Your body needs energy to keep process like 3a solar cells
breathing or digestion going, even when you b biofuels, gas
are not moving. c solar panels, petrol
b 4 minutes d petrol
c Children need energy to grow as well as the Extension:
energy the use for the activities they do each day. From the sun: solar panels, food.
Extension: From the sun and used to generate electricity: solar
a Variables to control: amount of food, amount cells, fossil fuels, wind power, biofuels.
of water. Used to generate electricity: geothermal,
b I predict that food with more energy will cause a hydroelectricity.
greater increase in the temperature of the water.
2.3 Energy types
c Some of the energy is lost as heat to the
1a Correct word in order from top to bottom: lifted
surroundings.
up, moving, vibrating, light, thermal, springs,
d His value will be smaller than the actual value of
chemical, electrical.
the energy stored, because his experiment is not
b gravitational potential energy, elastic potential
perfect and some energy will not be transferred to
energy, chemical potential energy
the water, but lost to the surroundings.
c kinetic energy, sound energy, light energy,
thermal energy, electrical energy
2a kinetic energy
b kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy
c sound energy
d light energy
e kinetic energy
f chemical energy

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 Extension: 2.6 Gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy
a 1 The reaction that produces energy in the Sun is 1 GPE Kinetic
a nuclear reaction. energy
2 Nuclear fusion happens when hydrogen atoms
Energy that something has
combine to form helium.
because of its position.
3 Nuclear fission happens when elements, like
uranium, break down. Energy that something has
4 The fuel in a nuclear power station is usually because of its movement.
uranium. This gets bigger if an object is
b The Sun cannot be a huge ball of fire as fire needs higher off the ground.
oxygen to burn and there is no oxygen in space. Is measured in joules.
2.4 Energy transfer A fast-moving elephant has
1a T lots of this.
b F A walking mouse has less of
c F this than the elephant.
d T 2a A
2 Correct answers in order: light energy, chemical b F
and kinetic energy, kinetic energy. c B
3 Correct answers in order: plant, radio (battery d No – the marble would need more energy to reach
powered) , kettle a higher point than it has at the start. Energy cannot
Extension: be created, so it would not reach a higher point.
a Eating breakfast and walking to school: chemical e Energy has been lost as sound and thermal energy.
energy (food) chemical energy (in the body) 3a Gravitational potential energy is transferred
kinetic energy and thermal energy into kinetic energy as the ball falls and speeds
Walking up and down a hill: chemical energy up. When the ball lands the kinetic energy is
kinetic energy and thermal energy transferred back to GPE and some is also lost as
GPE kinetic energy and thermal energy sound and thermal energy.
A candle burning: chemical energy thermal and b A
light energy c C
A loudspeaker in a television: electrical energy d D
kinetic energy sound and thermal energy
b Eating breakfast, loudspeaker in a television 2.7 Elastic potential energy
c Walking, candle burning. 1a F – When material deform they store elastic
d Photosynthesis – when a plant changed light to potential energy.
chemical energy. b T
c F – The springs in a mattress will store more
2.5 Conservation of energy potential energy if someone heavier sits on it.
1 Correct words in order: created, destroyed, d F – If something does return to its original shape
transferred, conservation, money, the same, types. when we remove the force, we say it is elastic.
2 Correct answers in order: useful, wasted, e T
wasted, useful. f T
3a Correct answers in order: 20%, 50%. 2a As the student stretches the elastic band it gains
b The kettle wastes energy heating the air. The radio elastic potential energy as it shape changes. When
wastes thermal energy. she lets the band go, the elastic potential energy
c kettle changes into kinetic energy.
Extension: b D, C, A, B
a Correct answers in order: 30, 500, 1000, 10 c If the band is pulled back further it will gain
b The law of conservation of energy states that more EPE, so the band will move further when
energy can never be lost or gained, so the total it is released as there is more EPE that can be
energy is always equal to the useful energy and transferred into kinetic energy.
the wasted energy.
c A – less energy is wasted.
d B – less energy is wasted.

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 Extension: Extension:
a A ball will never bounce higher than the height a They have used several types.
you drop it from as it cannot gain energy. b Carbon dioxide levels have increased in the last
b The student expected the result as the height of 60 000 years, but in the 40 000 years before that
the drop was being doubled, and so he expected they were decreasing.
the height of the bounce to also double. When c How has the carbon dioxide level changed over
you double the height of the drop, the height of the last 100 000 years?
the bounce is less than double. d Should we stop using fossil fuels?
2.8 Suggesting ideas 2.10 Energy calculations and Sankey diagrams
1 C, D, A, E, B 1 Correct answers in order: %, useful, J, total, J, %.
2a The volume of biofuel and water used in all the 2 Correct answers in order: 25, 16.7%, 1500, 75%,
tests is the same. 5000, 50%, 300, 25%.
b methanol, ethanol, dry wood, green wood 3a Efficiency can only ever have a value between
3a How does the material that a ball is made from 0 and 100.
affect the height it will bounce? b He has not given efficiency units, and has divided
b Different materials deform by different amounts the total energy by the useful energy.
and will store different amounts of EPE. c Efficiency = 2 J/10 J × 100% = 20%
c Any suitable answer, but must include: material 4a 13 J
of the ball, height of bounce. b 3.5 J
Extension: c 3.5 J/13 J × 100% = 27%
a How does the volume of liquid used affect the d 73%
temperature change in water? How does the type
of surface a ball is dropped onto affect the height 3 The Earth and beyond
of the bounce? 3.1 The night sky
b Investigation A: type of liquid fuel, volume of 1 Orbits the Earth:
water, time heated. Does not give out light: A, C, D
Investigation B: the ball, height the ball is Both: B, E
dropped from. 2a F – not all of the object we see in the night sky
2.9 Suggesting ideas continued are in orbit around the Sun.
1 b F – some of the stars in the night sky are bigger
Methods Definitions
than our Sun.
Field study Make observations over c T
a period of time, or in d T – and Saturn.
lots of places at the e F – we can see manmade objects, like satellites.
same time. 3 Comet Meteor Asteroid
Regular Make observations
observations of organisms in their Made of ice
natural habitat. and dust
Make a model Collect data or make Made of rock
observations in a Called shooting
laboratory. stars
Practical Use a computer model Visible in the
investigation or physical model. night sky
2a regular observations Burns up as
b field study it enters the
c make a model atmosphere
3a regular observations Extension:
b make a model a Comet Hale Bopp – 4497, Halley’s Comet – 2062
c The data shows that the level of carbon dioxide in b The larger the period of the comet the further it
the atmosphere is increasing. travels from the Sun.
d The data does not suggest a link between burning c Comet Hale Bopp – its closest distance from the
fossil fuels and carbon dioxide levels, so we Sun is 0.9 compared to the Earth, which would be
cannot draw this conclusion from this data alone. 1, if these are at a similar position relative to the
Sun it would be very close to the Earth.

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 3.2 Day and night 2a The Earth spins on its axis throughout the night
1 Students should label the light side day, the dark so the stars appear to move in circles.
side night, the central axis and north pole at the b Sigma Octantis
top, and south pole at the bottom. c Polaris
2a A d Sailors used the two pole stars to navigate
b E because they did not move in the night sky.
c B 3a A constellation is a pattern of stars noticed
d D by humans.
e C b They are further away.
f F c All stars appear the same brightness because
3a move, day they are so far away the differences are not easily
b spins, 24 hours, day detectable to the human eye.
c day, night
3.5 Our Solar System
d anticlockwise
1 Correct?
Extension:
a Jengo and Simba can use this model to explain All planets orbit the Sun.
day and night because the torch represent the Sun. Pluto is an exoplanet.
As Jengo turns anticlockwise you will see the Dwarf planets do not orbit the Sun.
path of the torch move around the map as the rays
Planets that are further from the Sun
of the Sun would move on the Earth’s surface.
are colder than planets that are closer.
b Foucault’s pendulum demonstrates that the Earth
is spinning. All the inner planets are rocky.
Asteroids orbit the Sun between
3.3 The seasons
Mars and Jupiter.
1a orbit
b The Sun and the Earth are similar sizes, but the 2a diameter
Sun is really a lot bigger than the Earth. b number of moons
c c Distance from the Sun and time to orbit the Sun,
Position Southern Northern because the further a planet is from the Sun the
Hemisphere Hemisphere slower it moves and the further it has to travel to
A Spring autumn orbit the Sun once.
B Summer winter Extension:
C Autumn spring An exoplanet is a planet that orbits a star other than
our Sun.
D Winter summer
i It is possible to think Pluto is a planet because
2a summer, days, nights, high
it orbits the Sun.
b winter, nights, days, low
ii It is possible to think that Pluto is not a planet
c warmer, longer, more, are not
because its orbit is not in the same plane as all
3a Southern
of the other planets.
b Sunrise is earlier in January than July, which
means January must be summer, and this only 3.6 The Moon
happens in the southern hemisphere. 1a F, A, B, G, H, E, C, D
Extension: b E and G
a A c H
b In the summer the Sun is directly overhead like d We only see the area of the Moon that is lit up
in tray A, but in the winter its rays hit the Earth’s and facing us, other parts are lit up by the Sun at
surface at an angle like in tray B. the same time. For example in a new moon we
see only a dark moon, the other side is lit by the
3.4 Stars
Sun but we cannot see it.
1a F – You see different stars at different times of year
2a From left to right: Sun, Earth, umbra, moon,
b T
penumbra.
c F – Our star is not the brightest star, it is just
b Lunar eclipse as the Moon is in darkness because
the closest.
the Earth is blocking the Sun’s light.
d F – The stars in a constellation can be different
c Student should draw a diagram like the one on
distances away.
p63 of the Student Book.

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 3.7 Explanations – geocentric model made. Ancient people created stories to explain what
1 Missing words in order: questions, stories, they could see, rather than making measurements
measurements, measurements, explanations, and using them to create explanations.
explanations, model. Extension:
2a Draw the Earth at the centre, planets and sun in a Communication was difficult then, ideas were not
orbit around the Earth. written down or were taken to other countries and
b Beyond the furthest orbit. written in other languages.
c Everything in the night sky appeared to orbit b Islamic astronomers may not have known about
around Earth. the heliocentric model.
3a Models are based on observations and measurements.
3.10 Beyond our Solar System
b The planets appeared to wander, their motion did
1a E, A, D, C, G, F, B
not fit the model.
b E
c Ptolemy added smaller epicycles to the orbits of
c You cannot travel beyond the edge of the
the planets.
Universe in a spaceship.
d Ptolemy’s explanation was useful because it
2a The different separations are within each other.
explained the movement of everything in the
b Inside the solar system: G, A
sky and could be used to make predictions.
Inside the Milky Way, but outside the solar
Extension:
system: E, C, D, H
a Greek astronomers did not have good enough
Inside the Universe but outside the Milky way: B
equipment.
F is difficult to place as it could be in both of the
b Now astronomers have much better equipment,
two outer circles.
like telescopes.
c Planet could be added to all three circles, it would
3.8 Heliocentric model be difficult to place.
1a The size also changes. 3a Count a small area of the crowd and multiply.
b B b Astronomers use the same method to count stars.
c A – this model has a simpler explanation of the
3.11 Using secondary sources
changing size of Venus over time.
1 Primary Secondary
2 True for True for
source source
Copernicus Galileo
data from a book in
wanted to talk about
a library
his ideas
data from measurements
thought that the Sun
that you have made
was at the centre of
the Solar System data from a field study
used a telescope to data on a website
make observations data from measurements
that someone else has
Extension: done and given to you
Geocentric model: a, c
2a secondary data
Heliocentric model: b, d, e b The data indicates there is spiral galaxies are not
3.9 Communicating ideas brighter as one is less bright than the elliptical
1a movement of the Sun and stars, and solar and galaxy, but this may have been affected by
lunar eclipses distance. There is only one elliptical galaxy listed,
b motion of the planets she needs more evidence.
c It was not easy to communicate when Aryabhata c i Plot the graph from the table.
was alive, his ideas may not have been written ii There is no clear link between distance
down, or the writings were not taken to other and brightness.
countries or written down in other languages. iii Collect more data.
2a Measuring the position of the stars and planets Extension:
in the sky. a Repeating measurements makes it easier to spot
b water clocks when an anomalous result has been recorded.
c The Egyptians made measurements using water b It is important to check secondary data as the
clocks and merkhets so their observations were source could be incorrect.
more accurate than the drawings ancient people

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 3.12 The origin of the Universe 3a The time interval between the two photos.
1a T b You could be using the wrong time interval to
b F – The Earth is not at the centre of the Universe. make the calculation, or the second photo might
c F – When astronomers look at galaxies they are not capture an image of the car.
all moving away from us. c The one where the speed limit is 50 km/h will
d F – The Solar System formed 5000 million need a smaller time interval in order to take two
years ago. images of a car in the same distance as the cars
e T will be moving faster.
2a Each centimetre will represent 140 million years,
4.3 Distance-time graphs
so he will find it difficult to draw from dinosaurs to
1a 20 m/4 s = 5 m/s, 18 m/6 s = 3 m/s,
today as they happened over a relatively short period
16 m/8 s = 2 m/s
of time and will be difficult to separate at that scale.
b graph A shows the fastest speed – the line is
b It will be easier as each centimetre will represent
steepest meaning the same distance is travelled
70 million years, but it will still be difficult to
in less time.
show when humans began to exist.
2a 600 m
3a The student can draw galaxies on the elastic band
b 180 s
and stretch it to show they are moving apart.
c average speed = 600 m/180 s = 3.33 m/s
b If he holds one end and stretches the other, the
Extension:
galaxies at this end will move further away than
a 20 m
those closer to the end he is holding.
b The graph gets steeper indicating that the speed
c All of the galaxies astronomers observe display red
is increasing.
shift, this means they are moving away from us.
c The line should be below the other one, increasing
4 Forces and motion more gradually.
d The larger stone would fall at the same speed but
4.1 Speed it experiences more air resistance and so speeds
1a F – to calculate speed you need to know distance up less quickly.
and time
4.4 Acceleration and speed-time graphs
b T
1a F
c F – speed is not measured in newtons per second.
b F
d F – a steady speed is a speed that is constant.
c F
2a average speed
d T
b The average speed is the total distance travelled
2a C
divided by the total time, the speed may have
b A and D
varied during this time.
c B
3a 101 seconds
3a O and A – accelerating; A and B – moving at a
b average speed = 800 m/101 s = 7.92 m/s
steady speed; B and C – decelerating; C and
c average speed = 400 m/44 s = 9.09 m/s
D – stationary.
d 88 seconds
b acceleration = change in speed/time = 5/5 = 1 m/s2
Extension:
c acceleration = –10/3 = –3.33 m/s2
a 88.89 seconds
deceleration = 10/3 = 3.33 m/s2
b 17.20 seconds
d The graph is unrealistic because acceleration is
c 1965 – the average speed more than doubles
rarely steady, also a vehicle would not normally
between 1964 and 1965.
accelerate to a speed and then travel at a constant
4.2 Taking accurate measurements speed. There would be variation in speed all of
1a Student 1 – his results are measure to a greater the time.
number of decimal places.
4.5 Presenting results in tables in graphs
b Student 1 – using timing gates will increase the
1a Student Time (s)
accuracy of his results, as student 2’s reaction
times will affect his results. Anyam 16
c 1.452, 1.45, 1.4, 1 Ejiro 20
2a It will be difficult for her to get an accurate reading Mimi 17
of the winners time as her reaction times, and the
Ikenna 17
time it takes to hear the gun will affect the results.
b It will be difficult to get a precise reading due to Bayode 14
her reaction times. Iyo 22

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 b Students should draw a bar chart from their table. 2a B
c One of the variables, student, is discrete, so the b gas
data must be displayed as a bar chart. c ten times faster
2a Height (m) Time (s) Extension:
P- waves are longitudinal waves because the movement
1.35 7.2
of the particles is in the direction of the motion of the
1.23 8.4 wave creating compressions and rarefactions. S-waves
1.10 9.1 are longitudinal waves because the motion of the
1.00 9.5 particles is up and down.
1.40 8.1
5.2 Detecting sounds
1.45 7.1 1a Missing words in order: auditory canal, eardrum,
b Students should draw a line graph from their table. ossicles, middle ear, cochlea, inner ear, cochlea,
c Both of the variables are continuous so a line oval window, auditory nerve.
graph can be drawn. b The pinna is not listed. Its function is to gather
3a Line graph, both volume and time are continuous the sound wave and direct it into the ear.
variables. 2a B
b Line graph, both extension and weight are b F
continuous variables. c C
4.6 Asking scientific questions d E, D, and C
1a Any suitable answers, see below: e C
3a Underline: converts a sound wave into an
Why this doesn’t happen in real life
electrical signal.
Friction will slow the ball down on a horizontal b Singers use uni-directional microphones, so that
slope. the only noise that the microphone picks up is
The ball loses energy as it travels, meaning that their voice. Any background voice would distort
it won’t travel so far. the signal.
Friction will slow the ball down over time and c It would be best to use an omni-directional
it will stop when all of its energy has been lost. microphone to measure sound levels in a
2a thought experiment classroom to ensure that all noises are picked up.
b The heavy ball will fall faster than the light ball 5.3 Loudness and the decibel scale
and hit the ground first. 1a Ear defenders are better at reducing the sound
c The heavy ball will fall faster until the string is as the student wearing ear defenders can only
taut. It has a greater force than the light ball so the detect the sound when it is at 50 dB, but the
light ball will speed up when the string is taut. student wearing ear plugs can hear it at a lower
d The two balls cannot fall at different speeds if intensity, 30 dB.
they are stuck together. b The experiment is not a fair test as the different
e This thought experiment shows that heavier students might have different hearing abilities.
objects don’t fall faster because The same student should test all three options.
f It is more convincing to see the experiment c The same student could test all three scenarios.
being done with equipment, as this shows what The test should be repeated.
is possible and what will happen. It is possible to 2 Wear ear defenders. Working with
imagine things that are impossible.
loud machinery in
Extension:
a factory.
a A massive object needs a large force to stop as it has
more momentum, also more force is needed to start Move away from Living close to a
it moving, so a larger force is acting on the object. the sound. noisy road.
b From smallest to largest force: C, A, B, D. Put something
c Many people think you need a force to keep between you and the
something moving. sound to absorb it.
Reducing the length Listening to loud
5 Sound of time that you are music.
5.1 Sound vibrations and energy transfer exposed to the sound.
1a Missing words in order: vibrating, vacuum.
b Missing words in order: waves, compressions,
rarefactions.

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 Extension:
a As the sound level increase the maximum
recommended time of exposure decreases. The
recommended maximum time of exposure halves
each time the sound level increases 3 dB.
b As sound level increases the maximum
recommended time decreases significantly as ears
are easily damaged by loud noises. The louder the
noise, the quicker irreparable damage occurs.
c i The maximum recommended time of exposure
would increase from 15 minutes to 2 hours.
ii The maximum recommended time of exposure
would increase from 2 minutes to 30 minutes.
5.4 Loudness, amplitude, and oscilloscopes
1a The wavelength of the sound is the distance from
the one point of one wave to the same point of the
next wave. For example, from the top of one wave
to the top of the next wave.
b An amplifier increases the amplitude of a wave.
c The frequency of a wave is the number of waves
per second.
d The amplitude of a wave is the distance from the
centre of a wave to the highest or lowest point.
2a Sound is produced by the vibrations of the ruler
causing compressions in the air.
b The student can make the sound louder by
increasing the size of the vibrations by pushing
the ruler down further.
c Any wave with a greater amplitude, the
wavelength would be longer as the vibrations
would be further apart by the increased distance
the ruler must travel.
3a The wave that you hear with the box has a greater
amplitude.
b amplify
c An oscilloscope displays how pressure changes
with time as the compressions and rarefactions of
the sound wave reach the microphone.
d The sound is louder with a box, so the amplitude
will be greater.
5.5 Pitch and frequency
1 Correct words in order: frequency, higher,
thousand, second.
2a 82 Hz is the frequency of the wave – there are 82
waves per second.
b The 6th string will produce the highest note.
c The 1st string will produce the lowest note.
d The piano and guitar would have different timbres.
3a D
b B
c E
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Checkpoint_Physcis_TG_WB_Ans.indd 134
Extension:
a Students should plot the data as a line graph.
b As the pipe length increase the frequency decreases.
c Yes, the frequency and wavelength are linked.
A high frequency sound has a short wavelength
and a low frequency has a longer wavelength.
Therefore as the frequency of the noise is
decreasing, the wavelength is getting longer.
5.6 Making simple calculations
1a A The time 6 seconds is for the student to clap ten
times, not once.
B The distance is incorrect – it should be 200 m
as the sound travels to and back from the wall.
C The calculation is not correct – 200/6 is
333.33 m/s to 2 decimal places.
b Speed = 200 m/0.6 s = 333.33 m/s
c The measurement is not completely accurate as their
measurments would include their reaction times.
2a The sound signal reaches all of the speakers and
therefore the athletes at the same time, but the sound
from the gun would reach the athletes at different
times as it takes time for the sound to travel.
b They are more important in staggered races where
the athletes could be several metres from the gun
and so hear the sound a few seconds later, which
can have a big effect on the outcomes of short races.
Extension:
a 3 times the speed of sound.
b 1.5 Mach
c The object is moving slower than the speed of
sound if it has a Mach number of less than 1.
5.7 Echoes
1a Sonar works by emitting a pulse of ultrasound.
The waves travel until the reach a surface and
then they are reflected back to the source of the
sound and are detected. The distance can be
calculated by the time this takes.
b 3750 m –distance travelled in 2.5 s. Otherwise
you could not tell which pulse reflection has
been detected.
c Ultrasound is used rather than sound so that there
isn’t interference from other sources of sound.
2 0.00003 s
3a 330 m
b 495 m
c 4s
d 825 m
4a 5.1 s
b It would take 0.033 seconds for the pulse to reach
the Bukoba and for the echo to return to the ship.
So the pulses need to be at least this length of
time apart.
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 6 Light c When Io is furthest from the Earth, the Earth is on
the far side of the Sun from Jupiter and Io is on
6.1 What is light? the far side of Jupiter from the Sun and Earth.
1 Correct answers in order: straight, shadows, 3 There is a range of values for Mars and Earth
images, reflections, straight, travels. because as they orbit the Sun at different speeds
2a Correct answers in order: closer to, away from, they are at different points of their orbit and so
closer to. distances between them change.
b The shadow would be sharp as the torch is point
light source. 6.4 Reflection
3a A-C, A-E, C-E, D-E 1a F – The image you see in a mirror is a virtual image.
b Light cannot travel in a straight line between them b F – if you look in a mirror your image looks as if
as there are buildings in the way. left and right are swapped over.
Extension: c F – The reflection of light from a mirror is regular
a Light travels in a straight line from the top and reflection.
bottom of the lamp to meet at the pinhole. From d T
here it continues in a straight line to produce an e F – your mirror image appears the same distance
inverted image. from the mirror as you.
b You would need to turn the lamp upside down, 2a Things that are the Things that are
turning the camera would not affect the light and same about you and different about you and
would still produce an inverted image. your mirror image. your mirror image.
6.2 How do we see things? Size, colours, up and Left and right are
1 Completed sentences: You cannot see through down, distance from reversed.
opaque materials like concrete. You can see the mirror.
through transparent materials like glass. Light can b 100 cm
get through translucent materials but you cannot Extension:
see through them. a A beaker of water.
2a The reading is a measure of how much light is b The glass transmits and reflects light. Light from
transmitted by the material. the beaker is transmitted and light from the candle
b The reading is a measure of how much light the is reflected to the same place making is appear as
material is reflecting. if the candle is burning underwater.
3a B c Diagram with light transmitted through the glass
b C in straight lines from a beaker.
c A d Replace the beaker with a lit candle.
Extension: 6.5 Making measurements: the law of reflection
Part of the eye Mainly Mainly 1a Measurement for the angle 40°.
transmitted absorbed b It is not in line with the other results.
pupil c Through points for 0, 20, 60 and 80 degrees.
cornea d They show that the angle of incidence is always
rod cells the same as the angle of reflection.
e A white screen absorbs more light than a mirror,
lens
which means less is reflected.
cone cells 2 Statement A – F, Statement B – T, Statement
eyelid C – F, Statement D – T, Statement E – T
3 B
6.3 The speed of light
Extension:
1a 1/100 000 of a second
a Normal is at right angles to the surface.
b No, this is a too short amount of time to detect
b Reflected ray is same angle from the normal as
and respond to with the human eye.
the incidence ray.
c 300 000 km – the problem with doing this
c Draw another ray at any other point on the wall.
experiment is that they would not be able to see
d Draw an appropriate normal and reflected ray.
each other due to the distance and the curvature
e The reflection from a stone wall is not regular
of the Earth.
because the wall is uneven so you do not see
2a It takes time for light to travel through space
a reflection.
to Earth.
b 6.2 million km = 20.7 light seconds, 9.4 million
km = 31.4 light seconds

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 6.6 Refraction: air and water
1a Light travels in straight lines. She is standing
where light travelling from the coin cannot reach
her eye, so she cannot see it.
b Light is refracted, changes speed and direction,
when it moves between mediums of different
density. Light from the coin is bent as it leaves the
water and enters the air. It can now reach her eye
and she can see the coin.
c Students show draw a ray that is diffracted toward
the eye at the surface of the water.
2a Students should draw a straight line from the eye
to the road.
b less dense
c The ray bends away from the normal as it speeds
up in the less dense air.
Extension:
a Correct answers in order: 300 000, 1.5,
220588.2, 1.58
b Refractive index has no units as it is ratio of how
different the speeds are.
c To have a refractive index the speed of light in the
material would have to be faster than the speed of
light in a vacuum, and nothing is faster than this.
6.7 Refraction: air and glass
1 Missing words in order: refracted, incidence,
incident, refraction, refracted, denser, slowly,
quickly, parallel.
2a 0°
b Result for the angel of incidence 30°.
c A block with a lower refractive index will slow
the light down less, so it will be refracted less.
Extension:
a You can see round corners if the light is refracted
or reflected and changes direction to reach you.
b Diamond, plastic, glass, water, air.
6.8 Dispersion
1a F – the spectrum is made up of seven colours.
b T
c T
d F – light is refracted as it goes through a prism.
2a R at the top, V at the bottom of the spectrum.
b The points where the light enters and leaves
the prism.
c An inverted triangle (the prism) should be added
between the prism and the surface.
3 C, B, A, F, D, E
Extension:
White light is made up of different colours of light,
these have different wavelengths and frequencies. When
light is refracted the light with shorter wavelengths
changes speed more than light with longer wavelengths
and is refracted the most. This produces dispersion.
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Checkpoint_Physcis_TG_WB_Ans.indd 136
6.9 Colour
1 Missing words in order: primary, blue, green,
secondary, magenta, cyan, yellow, primary, blue,
green, red, filter, transmits, absorbs, transparent.
2a In order: blue, cyan, no, no, red.
b it will be less bright as some of the light has been
absorbed.
Extension:
a Only green light would be transmitted through the
filter, so he will only see green light.
b Only red light would be transmitted by the filter,
so he will only see red light, but it will be in a
different place to the green light.
c He would see no light as only blue light would
be transmitted through the blue filter and the red
light will absorb this light.
6.10 Presenting conclusions: more on colour
1 Correct words in order: reflect, absorb, reflect,
absorb, absorb, reflect.
2 Answers in order: green, blue, red, blue, no light/
appear black, blue.
3 Correct answers in order: black, blue, green or
blue, green
Extension:
a A and B are the rod and cone cells.
b rod cells
c cone cells
d rod cells
e cone cells
f The cone cells are found only in the centre which is
why you cannot see in colour out of the edge of the
eye, as there are only rod cells around the edges.
6.11 Asking scientific questions
1a The intromission theory states that light enters
the eye after being reflected from other objects,
whilst the emission theory states that our eyes
produce light to see things.
b i Supports the emission theory as light appears
to be coming from their eyes.
ii Supports the intromission theory as the eyes
are poor or good at detecting light regardless of
whether someone with better eyesight looks at it.
iii Supports both, for the emission theory you can
only see what your eyes project light onto, and
for the intromission theory you can only see
objects that reflect light into your eyes.
2 Newton thought that light was made of particles,
but Huygens thought it was made of waves and so
would have some different properties
Extension:
a Any suitable answers: for example taking
photographs in a dark room of objects a person
is looking at. If the emission theory is correct the
objects will be visible under the light emitted from
the person eyes, if it is not they objects will not be.
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 b Any suitable answers: for example, you can see
some things in the dark, so some people think
light must be projected from our eyes onto them.
6.12 Lasers
1a Lasers are used to make a pattern of pits that
record data, like music, onto a CD.
b Lasers read the pattern of pits and change this to
digital signal that is transmitted to speakers.
c In order: 0, 1, 3, 6, 7, 6, 4, 2, 1, 2.
d It would reduce the number of tracks as you
would need more room for each one.
e i blue laser
ii Blue light has a shorter wavelength than red
light so it would be able to read pits that were
closer together. This means more pits, and
therefore tracks, would fit on a CD.
7 Magnetism
7.1 The properties of magnets
1 Missing words in order: iron, attracted, repelled
by, Iron, repelled by, south.
2a The fish cannot be made from wood if the games
is based on magnetism as wood is not a magnetic
material.
b The following two statements are correct: The ball
at the end of the rod is a magnet and the fish are
made of a magnetic material. The ball at the end
of the rod is a magnet and the fish are magnets.
c The game would not work if both the rod and fish
were made of magnetic materials, at least one
must be a magnet.
Extension:
a Students should draw aligned domains pointing north
to south in the magnet and unaligned in the rod.
b A is the north pole.
7.2 Magnetic fields
1 Diagram 1: north on the left, south on the right.
Diagram 2: draw field lines from north to south.
2 Diagram 1: two repelling north poles. Diagram 2:
north on the left, south on the right. Diagram 3:
two repelling south poles.
3a in front of you
b to your right
c behind you
Extension:
a magnetic material
b top
c The top is the region that contains the magnet,
these field are weak and need to be close to the
surface to hold the magnet on.
7.3 Electromagnets
1a F breaking the circuit.
b F
c T
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Checkpoint_Physcis_TG_WB_Ans.indd 137
d T
e F
f F
2a Students should draw arrows pointing clockwise
around the wire.
b They would face the opposite direction.
3a She should wrap the copper wire around an iron
nail and connect it to a battery.
b Both types of nail can be magnetised in this way,
but the steel nail will remain magnetised when
the current is switched off. It is more useful to use
iron, which will not remain magnetised.
Extension:
a A straight line should be drawn close to all of
the points.
b The line of best fit should be higher – double
each point.
c This will be above line A because the iron makes
the electromagnet stronger.
7.4 Identifying and controlling variables
1a Correct answers in order: 6, 8, 12, 18, 23, 26, 32.
b Variables to control: type of wire and core, type
and size of paper clips, current and voltage of
the circuit.
2a A, F, E
b B, F
c A, D
d C, E
3a The strength of the electromagnet will not be
affected by the size of the paper clip, but it may
be able to pick up fewer because they are heavier.
b Any suitable answer: for example, an electromagnet
can pick up more small paper clips, so it will be
easier to observe any smaller differences in strength.
c Any suitable answer: for example, Sinta will need
fewer paper clips and they will not take up so
much space on the electromagnet, whilst small
ones might give an inaccurate result as they may
fill the surface area of the magnet.
7.5 Using electromagnets
1 When the window is closed the contacts in
circuit 1 are touching and the circuit is complete.
This means the electromagnet attracts and opens
the switch for circuit 2 and the bell does not
ring. If the window is opened, circuit 1 is broken
and the electromagnet is switched off. This
closes the switch in circuit 2 and the bell
begins to ring.
2a When the current is too big the electromagnet
increases in strength and attracts the soft iron
armature. This then stops holding the contacts
together and they are pulled apart by the spring
b The circuit is reset by pressing the button. The
electromagnet is no longer attracting the iron
137
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 arm, so the reset button pushes the contacts back Extension:
together and the springs pulls the armature back a 15 cm × 0.05 cm = 0.75 cm2
into place to hold them together. b Pressure = 15 N/0.75 cm2 = 20 N/cm2
3 Any suitable answers: for example electromagnets c 15 cm × 0.15 cm = 2.25 cm2
are used to control X-ray machines from a d Pressure = 15 N/2.25 cm2 = 6.667 N/cm2
distance, or in MRI machines. e The cook must use more force to cut with the
blunt knife now.
8 Forces and motion
8.3 Pressure in liquids
8.1 Pressure 1a T
1 Missing words in order: force, area, bigger, b F – The upthrust is the same.
smaller, force divided by area, pascals. c F – the bottom of a dam is wider than the top
2a 50 N/5 m2 = 10 N/m2 of a dam.
b 100 N/5 m2 = 20 N/m2 d T
c 300 N/0.5 m2 = 600 N/m2 2a Water cannot be compressed, so under pressure it
3a 10 N/cm2 – when it is stood on the end with the is forced out of the holes.
smallest area 5 cm × 2 cm. b She will not be able to push down because water
b 0.4 N/cm2 – when it is stood on the end with the cannot be compressed and there are no holes for it
largest area 10 cm × 5cm. to escape from.
Extension: 3a Missing words in order: decrease, nitrogen
Force (N) Area Pressure b Missing words in order: decompresses, nitrogen,
20 4 cm 2
5 N/cm2 carbon dioxide
c Missing words in order: bends, high, low
60 40 m2 1.5 N/m2
Extension:
0.6 12 m 2
0.05 N/m2
a 12 000 N/m2
75 5 m2 15 N/m2 b There is a curled up tube in a pressure gauge that
straightens out as pressure increase moving
8.2 The effects of pressure
the needle.
A large force Round stones Mud is softer c B = 18 kPa
can be easily have a larger than dry ground C = 24 kPa
applied to the surface area in and it can hold
flat head of a contact with less pressure 8.4 Using pressure in liquids
pin, this applies your foot than before you begin 1a Hydraulic means using liquids to produce
a large pressure sharp stones, to sink into it. large forces.
at the point so so the pressure b Missing words in order: input, pressure,
that it is easy to is less and it is incompressible, output, air, bigger
push the pin in. less painful to c 150 N/cm2
walk on them. d A braking system is a force multiplier as the
The sharp point A plank of A narrow handle different areas of the input and output cylinders
of the pole wood spreads spreads the mean that it is possible to produce a greater force
means that the the force over a weight of the bag at the output cylinder than was applied at the
force applied greater surface over a very small input cylinder.
by the hammer area, lessening area exerting a e Missing words in order: large, small
creates a larger the pressure on greater pressure, Extension:
pressure on the the quicksand so which can be A mechanic has to pump the handle several times as
ground. you won’t fall in. painful. a small force has to move through a large distance at
the input cylinder to produce a large force that only
Swampy Studs have a Animals that live
moves a small distance at the output cylinder. To raise
ground is soft smaller area in a muddy area
the car a small amount a mechanic must move the input
and can support than the surface have big feet
cylinder a lot.
less pressure. of the boot, to spread their
The force this means they weight over a
(house weight) exert greater greater area and
needs to be pressure and therefore exert
spread over a will sink into less pressure on
greater area to the ground. the mud to avoid
avoid sinking. sinking.

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 8.5 Pressure in gases 8.7 Preliminary work
1 The particles in … close together. 1 Preliminary work What the preliminary
a gas are … work was for
If you compress … spread out. She tried lots of To find out which
a gas … different sized diameters of tubes
Gas pressure is … you cannot diameters. liquid rises in and how
produced … compress it. far and quickly it does.
The particles in … when molecules She tried very hot and To check that
a liquid are collide with a very cold water. temperature does
container’s walls. affect the amount a
If you try to … the particles are liquid rises.
compress a closer together. She tried lots of To find the most
liquid … different ways of accurate and precise
measuring how far the method.
2 B – atmospheric pressure is greatest at B because
liquid went up the tube.
it is the lowest point and there is more gas
exerting pressure above it than any other point. She looked up the To carry out a safe
3 a decreases hazards of using experiment and
b There are fewer particles in the can because different kinds of reduce risk.
they escaped as steam when the water liquids.
boiled, so when the gas cools there are fewer She tried different To find the best one
collisions with the walls of the can and the can liquids. to use.
collapses inwards. She worked out how For accurate results
c The can collapses because there are fewer man time she would and to reduce the
collisions between the gas inside the can need to repeat her chance of an error
and the walls of the can. The walls collapse experiment. affecting her results.
because the pressure outside the can has not
Extension:
changed and is now greater than inside.
Students’ own answers.
Extension:
a When you suck the straw you reduce the number 8.8 Density
of air particles, and so the air pressure in the 1a balance liquid volume
straw, the liquid moves into the area of lower
pressure and moves up the straw. measuring cylinder mass
b You cannot change the air pressure enough in a ruler volume of a
long straw by sucking to move the liquid up the regular solid
whole length of the straw. b It is important to be at the same level as the
8.6 Pressure, volume and temperature in gases meniscus when measuring a liquid.
1 Missing words in order: different, collide with, 2 Correct answers in order: 0.17 kg/m3, 2.20 g/cm3,
volume, more, increases. 2.65 g/cm3, 1.40 kg/m3.
2 3a B, A, E, F, C, D
Increases, decreases, b You could measure the mass of the object before
or stays the same or after measuring the volume.
Speed of gas particles increases c A, E, F, C, B, D
Pressure in the flask increases Extension:
Mass of particles stays the same a (70 kg × 7 billion)/1 cm3 = 490 billion kg/cm3
Volume of gas stays the same b 140 000 000 elephants
c Density of air = 90 kg/75 m3 = 1.2 kg/m3. Aerogel
3a As temperature increases the particles have more
is less dense than air.
energy and move faster, oxygen gas expands and
takes up more volume. 8.9 Explaining density
b The pressure would increase because the student 1 Missing words in order: bigger, are not,
is decreasing the volume. smaller, are.
2a When a submarine’s tank are filled with water
they increase the mass of the submarine and
therefore it’s density. If the density is greater than
that of water it will submerge.

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 b Air is pumped into the tanks and water out to 3a Point where the screwdriver rests on the outer
surface. Air is less dense than water and so the edge of the tin.
submarine’s mass and density decreases until it is b Pivot to the point the screwdriver contacts the lid.
less than that of the water. c Pivot to the hand.
3a F d The distance from the effort to the pivot is much
b F greater than from the pivot to the load, so you only
c F need to apply a small effort for a big output force.
d T
8.12 Calculating moments
e F
1a T
Extension:
b F
The density of the submarine when its tanks are filled
c T
with air is 8 000 000 kg/10 000 m3 = 800 kg/m3.
d T
This is less than the density of water, so it will float.
2a 0.1 N × 4 cm + 0.1 N × 12 cm = 1.6 Ncm
However when the outer tanks are full the density of
b 0.2 N × 8 cm = 1.6 Ncm
the submarine changes to (8 000 000 + 6 500 000)/
c Yes, the clockwise and anticlockwise moments
10 000 m3 = 1450 kg/m3. This is greater than the
are equal so the game is balanced.
density of water, so it will sink.
d Yes, she can add a monkey to the second hole on
8.10 Questions, evidence, and explanations the right to make the moments equal – 2.4 Ncm.
1a Any suitable answer, for example: Henry 3a Anticlockwise moment = 400 N × 2 m = 800 Nm.
Cavendish is like Al-Biruni because he spent a lot Distance Tom sits from the centre = 800 Nm/500
of time doing experiments and was interested in N = 1.6 m
calculating density. b Students should draw a seesaw correctly labelled
b Any suitable answer: Al-Biruni was able to do with the weights and distances.
experiments on the density of gemstone to test Extension:
his predictions, Cavendish used data to make clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment
predictions about the density of the Earth that he X N × 25 cm = (1 N × 10 cm) + (2 N × 45 cm)
was unable to test. X = 100 Ncm/25 cm = 4 N
c Scientists today have more observations and
better technology and can make more accurate 8.13 Planning
measurments. 1a He has not included units.
d more precise b Any suitable answer: e.g. repeating measurments,
e more accurate – scientist have more information ensuring other variables are controlled.
available to make a more accurate calculation c Any suitable answer at the teacher’s discretion.
than Cavendish. Students should clearly state the dependent and
f Any suitable answer: Scientists used telescope to independent variables, controlled variables and
make observations about the Sun to work out its what they are testing.
density. Lots of scientist worked together to do Extension:
this. Cavendish worked alone. a You can do preliminary work.
Extension: b Any suitable answer: Preliminary work ensures
a three times you are testing the right range of variables and
b Any suitable answer: the instruments we have that you experiment will work.
today compared to Al-Biruni and Cavendish
enable scientists to make more accurate and more
9 Electricity
precise measurements. We also know more about 9.1 Electrostatic phenomena
the Earth and the Sun and density than they did. 1a positive, negative, electrons
8.11 Turning forces b conductors iron
1 Missing words in order: machine, multiplier, c insulators, plastic
pivot, effort, load, pivot, effort, pivot, load 2a positively charged
2a A turning force is the movement of the force b The diagram shows more positive symbols.
applied to the lever. c minus
b Centre of the nut. d the paper will be attracted to the rod if it is
c A negatively charged
d C e The paper has an opposing charge to the rod,
e You would need to apply more force to turn so it will be attracted to the rod.
the handle.

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 3a i positive 9.4 Electric circuits – what can you remember
ii The paint will be attracted to the car. 1 Images in the left column are in order: cell, open
iii It is cleaner and more efficient as the paint is switch, ammeter, lamp, battery, voltmeter, motor.
attracted to the car and will not go everywhere. Images in the right column are in order: ammeter,
b positive lamp, cell, voltmeter, motor, open switch, battery.
2 Conductors Insulators
9.2 Dangers of electrostatic phenomena
1a the process of connecting objects to the ground metal spoon, piece of wooden spoon, plastic
b a flash of light you see when the air conducts graphite, aluminium spoon, paper cup,
electricity foil, iron nail plastic bag
c the flow of electric charge 3a Metal conducts electricity and wires need to be
d the probability of something happening and the able to conduct electricity.
consequences if it does b Plastic is an insulator so it covers wires to protect
2a As the petrol moves through the nozzle electrons you from the current.
are transferred. c The pins need to conduct electricity and metal is
b A spark could ignite the petrol. a conductor.
c The nozzle is earthed through the car. d The outside of a plug is made of plastic to protect
d It will earth the nozzle allowing charge to flow away. you from the current.
e Earthing the nozzle reduces the risk to drivers Extension:
and cars of petrol igniting and exploding by a Students should leave a gap to connect the
conducting away the charge. material, and connect the cell to the lamp.
3a A lightning conductor will carry any charge from b The air conduct electricity, such as lightning at
lightning to the ground avoiding damage to the very high currents and voltages.
building.
b If lightning strikes your car it will be conducted 9.5 Current: what is it and how can we measure it?
to the earth, but if you are outside and lightning 1 The current in … in ampere,
strikes you it will harm you severely. a wire is … or amps.
Extension: Inside a metal … the charge flowing
a Not normally, but if charge builds up in a cloud wire … per second.
then air will conduct electricity.
There are 1000 … provides the push
b A vacuum is an insulator as there are no particles
milliamps … to make electrons in a
that can be charged or carry charge.
wire move.
c It is very dangerous to be out in a thunderstorm
because you could be struck by lightning, and the You measure … in one amp.
current would go through you to earth. current …
The battery … … there are lots of
9.3 Digital sensors electrons that move.
1a Correctly labelled diagram has positive charge
on the right and negative charge on the left with 2a B and C
dielectric between the plates. b A – close the switch, D – reverse one of the cells,
b electrons E – add a cell.
c The charge would move from the left to right to 3a F
become equal. b F
2 Correct answers in order: capacitor, plates, c T
position, CCD, charge, pixel d F
3a B, E, A, D, C 4a 2A
b There is a delay whilst the charge is moved from b 2A
the CCD and converted to a digital signal. c The current flowing through the battery is 2 A.
Extension: 9.6 Parallel circuits
a An electric field is a field around a charge. 1 Series circuit with a switch and bulb.
b It moves towards the charge plates. Parallel circuit with a switch before the circuit
c positive branches.
d The size of the field is the same everywhere Parallel circuit with a switch before the circuit
between the plates. branches and in each branch.
2a C
b It is the only circuit where the lamps are not on
separate branches of the circuit.

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 3a Correct answers in order: 0.2, 0.1, 1.1 9.10 Selecting ideas to test circuits
b The current is different in the branches because 1 a and c
they have different resistance. 2 Independent variable: current, Dependent
variable: temperature of the water. Variables to
9.7 Modelling electric circuits
control, wire, voltage, room temperature time in
1a Correct answers in order: water, cyclist, chain,
the water. Students’ own answers.
back wheel, rate of water flow.
b Add a tap or valve. 9.11 Energy and power
c No cyclist to turn the pedals. 1a F – Lamp A is less powerful than lamp B.
2 Any suitable answer: circuit 1 needs two different b F – The first motor is more powerful.
components, circuit two has cells incorrectly c T
connected. d F – They are the same power.
Extension: e F – There are 1000 watts in a kilowatt,
a Half the students go down the first branch and there is only 1 watt in a watt.
half down the second one. The lamp on the first 2 Correct answers in order: 1000 W/1 kW, 500 W,
branch gets all of the sweets for that branch, but 1 W, 800 W.
on the second branch they are divided equally 3a 10 kJ
between the two. b 6000 kJ
b The person represent the battery hold two ropes, c 2 seconds
pulling them both round the circuit. Branch one has 4a 0.8 kW
one person holding onto one of the ropes, branch b 0.5 hours, 0.4 kWh
two has two people holding onto the other rope. c 4 rupees
9.8 How components affect current 10 Energy
1 Correct answers in order: dimmer, the same
brightness, brighter, bigger, smaller, adds up. 10.1 Hot and cold
2 A1, C1, D2 and D3. 1 Missing words in order: mass, temperature,
Extension: longer, mass, energy, energy, mass, temperature.
In B compared In C compared 2a It takes longer to heat a cinema as more energy is
with A with A needed to heat the greater mass of air needs to be
heated than in a house.
the brightness twice as bright the same
b It takes longer to boil a pan of water as more
of the bulb
energy is need to heat the same mass of water to a
or bulbs
higher temperature.
the reading on twice as high the same c The temperature of the Sun is 6 million °C.
the voltmeter 3 Thermal Temperature
the reading on twice as high the same
energy
the ammeter
Measured in
9.9 Voltage joules.
1 Missing words in order: voltage, energy, charges, Measured with
charges, current, energy, current, volts, voltmeter. a thermometer
2a 6 V Does not depend
b 0V on how much
c 3V material there is.
3a F
Measure in
b T
degrees Celsius
c F
d T Increases if you
e T heat something
Extension: for longer.
a Lamp A would switch on, the brightness of lamps 4a 8400 J
B and C will not change. b 12 600 J
b It will go from 0 v to 12 V. Extension:
c It will stay at 6 V. Statement c is true.
d It will stay at 6 V
e It will increase.

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 10.2 Energy transfer: conduction d You can detect people that you cannot see and tell
1a T whether they are alive.
b F – Things that feel warm do not conduct thermal 2a Venus has a much denser atmosphere than Earth,
energy away from our habds. so more energy is trapped as radiation and the
c T atmosphere warms up more.
d F – The particles in a metal that is hot are vibrating b Mercury has no atmosphere, so no energy is
more than the particles in a metal that is cold. trapped as radiation. This means that when part
2a foam of Mercury is not facing the Sun it will be a lot
b paper colder that the part facing the Sun.
c Air is a poor conductor of thermal energy, Extension:
so a material that contains pockets of air will be a a
good insulator. radio microwave infrared visible ultraviolet X-rays gamma
3a T
b They have a higher frequency and shorter
b T
wavelength, this means they are more damaging
c Order of best to worst conductor: copper,
to the body.
aluminium, iron
10.5 Cooling by evaporation
10.3 Energy transfer: convection
1a F – The average speed of molecules in a liquid is
1 Missing words in order: expands, decrease,
between the fastest and slowest.
upwards, colder, denser, convection current.
b T
2a The purple crystal will have dissolved and the
c F – If temperature decreases, so does the average
colour moved up across and back down.
speed of the molecules.
b convection current
d F – Liquids evaporate at different rates.
c The purple will have moved down to the bottom
2a The ethanol evaporates
of the beaker and spread across the bottom,
b Ethanol has a lower boiling temperature than
beginning to move up again as it warms.
water so it’s molecules can evaporate more
3a Small amount of smoke beginning to be drawn
quickly transferring thermal energy away from
down the tube.
your body more quickly.
b Current of smoke down the tube along the bottom
3a The ether evaporates transferring thermal energy
to the candle and up with the warm air from the
away from the water until it cools enough to freeze.
candle.
b In a refrigerator, coolant circulates transferring
c The candle warms the air, which rises out of
thermal energy away from the air in the fridge
the enclosed space. This lowers the air pressure
cooling it and the contents.
drawing cool air in from the other end, and the
Extension:
smoke with it.
a Molecules at a lower temperature have a
Extension:
lower speed.
a The lid stops heat energy being transferred into
b higher
the environment and away from the beaker.
c Warm water evaporates faster than cold water
b Cool air sinks, so the bottom of the refrigerator is
because more molecules have enough energy to
the coldest part. The warmth from the bottle will
escape from the surface of the liquid.
warm the air around it, which will move up and
take the thermal energy away from the bottle. 10.6 The world’s energy needs
c Warm air rises, so the hottest part of the oven is at 1a hydroelectric
the top. The thermal energy will be transferred to b coal, oil, gas, nuclear
the food. c
10.4 Energy transfer: radiation Fuel Percentage Percentage Percentage
1a A video camera records light, a thermal imaging use in 1971 use in 2007 change
camera produces an image by detecting different in use
temperatures. coal 40.0 41.5 +1.5
b If parts of the building were burning there would oil 20.9 5.6 –15.3
be spots of a higher temperature that were fires gas 13.3 20.9 +7.6
rather than people, but you would not be able to nuclear 2.1 13.8 +11.7
tell using the thermal imaging camera.
hydroelectric 23.0 15.6 –7.4
c Yes, the metal door would conduct the heat and
radiate it on the other side, but it might spread
quickly across the whole door.

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 d In order: oil, hydroelectric, coal, gas, nuclear 3a Labels the block as magnet, and coils are around
e He isn’t correct, the only renewable source of the magnet.
energy shown on the pie chart is hydroelectric b Voltmeter should be connected in parallel around
power and use of this has decreased by 7.4%. the motor.
f oil c i T
g One of the following: solar power, biomass, wind ii T
power, tidal power, wave power, geothermal power. iii F
Extension: Extension:
a 36 years a left
b Percentage change per year b The magnetic field of the Earth is very weak.
c Use a longer piece of wire, use a large coil of
+0.04
wire so there are more turns, or ask the students
–0.43 to move their arms more quickly.
+0.21
10.9 Renewable energy: solar and geothermal
+0.33
1a Missing words in order: Sun, light, light,
–0.21 electrical, closer, brighter.
10.7 Fossil fuels b Missing words in order: light, water, renewable.
1 Missing words in order: trees, millions, mud, c Missing words in order: greenhouse.
rock, compressed, millions, mud, trees. d Missing words in order: dark.
2 A 2a Clockwise from the top: generator, hot water,
cold water.
True for True for True for
b Geothermal power stations do not produce
coal oil both
carbon dioxide when they are running, but lots is
Took a very
produced whilst they are being built, so they do
long time
contribute to climate change.
to form.
c The best place to put a geothermal power stations
Made from is one where the Earth’s crust is thinner, so the
trees. warm magma is closer to the surface.
Made from sea 3 Advantage or Solar Geothermal Both
creatures.
disadvantage
Can be found
It is unreliable.
underground.
It doesn’t produce
Formed as a
much carbon
result of heat
dioxide when
and pressure
running.
3a C, B, D, A, E It is expensive to
b 70 J thermal energy produce/build.
c 30 %
It won’t run out.
Extension:
a Students’ own answers. 10.10 Renewable energy: using water and wind
b It is not possible to predict when fossil fuels 1 Hydroelectricity … … when they are
will run out because our use of them is always being manufactured.
changing, and we do not know if we will find
When water falls … can destroy
more deposits.
through turbines habitats when
c Fossil fuels takes millions of years to form under
in a dam … valleys are flooded.
high temperatures and pressures so it is not
possible to make more of them. A tidal barrage … electricity
contains turbines is generated by
10.8 Generating electricity and generators … wave power.
1a Missing words in order: coil, magnetic,
Wind turbines … electricity (called
speed, strength
produce carbon hydroelectricity)
b Missing words in order: coil, poles, coil, more,
dioxide … is generated.
coil, more
2a The voltage would be lower. When water moves … to generate
b The voltage would stay the same. into a chamber on electricity when
c The voltage would stay the same. a shoreline … the tide goes out.

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 2a Graph d Any suitable answer: The power output of the
b best fit largest power station is quite low, and there are
c 5 km/h few suitable places to build tidal power stations.
d 1170 watts
10.11 Energy for the future
e Approximately 400 watts
1 From top to bottom: 6 years, 14 years, 10 years.
f Wind power does not generate any greenhouse
2 Students’ own answers.
gases.
Extension:
Extension:
a Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and
a Waves are very unreliable and vary a lot.
contributes to climate change.
b wind
b Students’ own answers – they should compare the
c Any suitable answer: Wind power is unreliable,
data and decide which values are most important
there can be days when there is no wind at all.
to them.

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