GRAVITATION

BY SANDEEP VERMA
8700142220
 HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED
 Walking is one of the most common physical
phenomena that almost every living terrestrial animal
follows. While walking our feet are in direct contact
with the ground, we do not float or practice levitation.

 Have you ever wondered why the objects falling on

the ground do not fly in the air but fall straight on
the ground?

 The water evaporating from the earth’s surface form

huge clouds of water vapors. These water vapors then
return to the earth by following a basic process of
condensation. The precipitation is usually in the form
of rainfall or snowfall. The rain or the snow falls
directly on the ground and does not float in the air.
 Feather is a very light body that floats in the air. This
light feather; however, eventually falls on the ground.

 When the fruits growing on a tree get

fully ripe, they tend to fall on the
ground naturally.
 ?Who discovered Gravitation ? Ans : Sir Issac Newton
• According to Newton , every object in this universe attracts every other object
with a certain force. The force with which two objects attract each other is
called gravitational force (or gravity).
• If the masses of the objects (or bodies) are small, then the
gravitational force between them is very small.
• If, however, one of the objects (or bodies) is very big (having large mass)
, then gravitational force becomes very large.

• The gravitational force of earth is responsible for holding the atmosphere

above the earth ; for the rain falling to the earth ; and for the flow of water in
the rivers etc.
Universal law of Gravitation
A B
m M

 
 
F m M …… (1) F …… (2)  
F G

G is ‘universal gravitational constant ’

The value of gravitational constant G does not depend on the medium between the two bodies.
It also do not depend on the masses of the bodies or the distance between them.
If we double the distance between two bodies , the gravitational force becomes one-fourth and
if we halve the distance between two bodies , then the gravitational force becomes four times.

1. What happens to the force
between two objects , if the mass
of one object is doubled ?
a. Force will also get doubled
b. Force will get halved
c. Force will become zero
d. None of above.
Let’s Do It
2. What happens to the force
between two objects , if the
distance between the objects is
doubled ?
a. Force becomes doubled
b. Force will get halved
c. Force will become one-fourth
d. None of above.
3. What happens to the force
between two objects , if the mass
of both objects is doubled ?
a. Force will also get doubled
b. Force will get halved
c. Force will become zero
d. Force becomes four times.
Units of Gravitational Constant, G
 
F G
 
G FX  𝑁𝑚2  𝑘𝑔− 2

Value of Gravitational Constant, G

G= 6.67 x 10−11  𝑁𝑚2  𝑘𝑔− 2

The force of gravitation is a vector Quantity.

The Newton’s 3rd law of motion also holds good for the force of gravitation.
This means that when earth exerts a force of attraction on an object , then the object also exert an equal force on
the earth , in the opposite direction.

We know , Force = Mass X Acceleration

F = ma
  a=

The mass of stone is very small , due to which the gravitational force produces a
large acceleration in it.
Due to large acceleration of stone , we can see the stone falling toward the earth.
The falling of a body (or object) from height towards the earth under the
Free Fall gravitational force of the earth (with no other force acting on it) is called free fall.

Note : According to Galileo Galilei

The acceleration produced in the freely falling bodies is the same for all the bodies
and it does not depend on the mass of the falling body.
 Acceleration due to Gravity
  The uniform acceleration produced in a freely falling body due to the gravitational force of the earth is known as
acceleration due to gravity.

The acceleration due to gravity , g = 9.8 m/

When a body is dropped freely , it falls with an acceleration of 9.8 m/ and when a body is thrown vertically upwards,
It undergoes a retardation of 9.8 m/.

     
F G F=mg mg G g G
 Important Points to Remember

The value of acceleration due to gravity , g , is not constant at all the places on the
surface
of
Thethe earth.
radius of the earth at the poles is minimum , the value of g is maximum at the
poles.
The radius of the earth at the equator is maximum , the value of g is minimum at the
equator.
As we go up from the surface of the earth , the distance from the centre of the earth
increases,
and hence the value of g decreases.
The value of acceleration due to gravity , g ,is maximum on the surface of the earth , it
decreases on going above the surface of earth or on going inside the surface of the
earth .
Let’s do it…
1. The force of attraction between
two unit point masses separated by
a unit distance is called :
a. Gravitational potential
b. Acceleration due to gravity
c. Gravitational field Strength
d. Universal Gravitational Force
2. The value of acceleration
due to gravity of earth :
a. Is the same on equator and
poles
b. Is the least on poles
c. Is the least on equator
d. Increases from pole to
equator.
Difference Between Mass And Weight

Weight of the body can be ZERO but Mass of

the Object can never be ZERO

Weight of Object on MOON

The weight of an object on the moon will be

about one-sixth of what it is on the earth.

Q1. What is the weight of a body of

mass 1 kg on earth ?

a. 1 kg
b. 9.8 N
c. 1N
d. 9.8 kg
 Quiz Time
1. The value of g on the surface of 2. The law of gravitation gives the 3. The ball is thrown up , the value of
moon will be : gravitational force between : ‘g’ will be

a. Is the same as on the earth a. The earth and a point mass only a. Zero
b. Is less than that on the earth b. The earth and the sun only b. Positive
c. Is more than that on the earth c. Any two bodies having some mass c. Negative
d. Keep changing day by day d. Any two charged bodies only. d. negligible

The weight of an object on 1. when a body is falling vertically

the moon will be about downwards its velocity is increasing
one-sixth of what it is on show the acceleration due to gravity
the earth ‘g’ is taken as positive

2. When a body is thrown vertically

upward its velocity show the
acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ is
taken as negative
  The value of universal gravitational
4. 5. As we go from equator to north
constant G is pole the value of ‘g’ is

a. 9.8  𝑁𝑚2 a. Decreases

2 −2
b. 6.673 x 𝑁𝑚
  𝑘𝑔
  b. Increases
c.   −10
6.371 x10 𝑁𝑚5
  2 𝑘𝑔
  2
−2
c. Remains the same
d.   −9 1
1.738 x10 𝑁𝑚
  𝑘𝑔
  d. None of the above

The radius of the earth at the

poles is minimum , the value of ‘g’
is maximum at the poles.
The radius of the earth at the
equator is maximum , the value
of ‘g’ is minimum at the equator.
MIND MAP
Can you solve this
SOLUTION
THANK YOU