FORCE

The mutual force of attraction between two

bodies is called Gravitational force.
conts..

sun moon and other planets revolve

around the earth. It is termed as
Geocentric theory.
conts….

Nicolaus Copernicus, an astronomer, claimed

that the sun is the centre of solar system and all
the planets revolve around it. It is termed as
Helio centric theory.
Newton’s universal law of gravitation
The gravitational force between
between two bodies IS
a.Directly proportional to product of their masses
b.inversely proportional to the squire of
distance between their centres,
Factors that affect the gravitational force
a. Product of the masses of bodies. ie m1*m2
b. Squire of distance between the centres of the
bodies. 1/d2
Gravitational constant , G

gravitational constant (G) is defined as the gravitational

force between two objects of unit mass(1 kg mass ) that
are kept in unit distance ( 1 m ) apart from their centres.
G conts..
Characteristics of Universal Gravitational Constant ‘G’.

The universal gravitational constant (G) has the following properties.

i. It is independent of the medium in which the objects are kept.
ii. It is independent of masses of the objects.
iii. It is independent of the physical factors such as state of object,
temperature,
pressure, chemical composition and distance between objects.
Therefore, it is called Universal Gravitational Constant.
Q1
Gravity

Gravity is the force of attraction experienced by

an object kept inside the gravitational field of a
heavenly body.
Gravitational field

The space around a heavenly body (mass) up to where another mass experiences
its influence (gravitational force) is called the Gravitational field.
Effects of gravity
i. It holds atmosphere around the earth .
ii It develops acceleration to the falling/ascending body.
iii. It helps water to flow.
iv. Every object falls towards the surface from a certain
height.
v. It causes rain, hailstones and snow.
FORMULA OF GRAVITY.

Gravity (F) = W = GMm/ R2

Where,
W = Gravity of Weight of body,
M= Mass of the planet
m = mass of a body and R= Radius of a planet.
Gravity of a body depends upon the following factors .
i. Mass of the heavenly body
F ∝ M (For constant mass of object and radius of heavenly body)
Gravity is directly proportional to the mass of a heavenly body.
ii. Mass of an object on the heavenly body
F ∝ M (For constant mass and radius of heavenly body)
Gravity is directly proportional to the mass of object on the heavenly
body.
CONTS...

iii. Radius of heavenly body F ∝ 1/R2

(For constant mass of heavenly body and object.)
Measure of gravity at a certain height ‘h’
Acceleration due to gravity “g”

Acceleration produced on a freely falling (without

resistance) object due to force or gravity is called
acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted by “g” and
SI unit is m/s2
The value of “g” is 9.8 m/s2 on the earth surface.
on the moon’s surface it is 1.62m/s2
Guinea and feather experiment
Guinea and feather experiment

Robert Boyle performed an experiment

in a vacuum. In this experiment, a coin and feather are kept inside a tall glass tube
with closed ends. The tube is inverted as fast as possible.The coin reaches the
bottom earlier as compared to the feather in the tube that contains air. Then the
tube is set free from air by using vacuum pump. When the tube was inverted,

the coin and feather reached the bottom simultaneously.

Conclusion of Guinea and feather experiment

The acceleration produced on freely falling bodies is equal for

all bodies either heavier or lighter and it is independent of the
mass of object.
g conts...