The instrument which uses at least one lens and functions only in the presence of

light are called optical instruments.

A lens is a portion of a transparent medium having at least one curved surface out
of two bounded surfaces.
Convex lens(converging lens): a lens which is thicker at the middle than at its
edges and converges parallel beam of light at a real focus .Types :biconvex, plano-
convex,concavo-convex
Concave lens(diverging lens):a lens which is thinner in the middle than at its edges
nad diverges parallel beam of lisht with virtual focus. Types: biconcave, plano-
concave, convexo concave
Technical term related to lens
Centre of curvature(C): The surface of lens is the part of spheres and the centres
of those spheres are called centre of curvature.
Radius of curvature(R): It is the radius of curvature of the surface of lens of which
the surface is a part.
Principal axis: it is a straight line passing through the centre of curvature of two
surfaces of lens. It is an imaginary line passing through the optical centre.
Optical centre(O)geomertical centre of lens: it is a point on principal axis through
which the light passes without undergoing any deviation. Any distance related to
lens is measured from this point.
Principal fpcus(F): it is the point on principal axis at parallel beam of light which is
converged or seems to be diverged after refraction through a lens.
Focal length(F): It is the distance between optical centre and principal focus . It is
positive for convex lens and negative for concave lens.
Object distance(u): It is the distance between optical centre and the object. It is
always positive as it is real.
Image distance(v): It is the distance between optical centre and an image.It is
positive for the real image and negative for virtual image.
Uses of convex image: it is used in spectacles to correct long sightness of the eyes.
It is used in camera microscopes telescopes and projectors.
Magnification is the ratio of size of image formed to the size of object.
Power of lens is defines as the converging or diverging capacity of lens measured
as a reciprocal of its focal length expressed in metre. P=1/f(m) SI Unit- dioptre.
One dioptre is the converging or diverging capacity of lens having the focal length
of 1m. power of convex lens is posiyive and concave is negative.