Presentation of Mathematics

TOPIC: SET

PREPARED BY : CAROL LAMA

SUBMITTED TO: BINOD SUBEDI
 INTRODUCTION

A set is well defined collection of distinct

Objects. Sets are denoted by capital letters.

CARDINALITY OF SET
A cardinality of a set is number of element present in the set.
A={a,e,i,o,u}
n(A)=5
 PROBLEMS INCLUDING TWO SETS

Formula based on concept

1. n(AUB) = n(A)+n(B) [If sets A and Bare disjoint sets]
A={a,b,c}
B={d,e,f}
AUB={a,b,c}U{d,e,f}
={a,b,c,d,e,f}
n(A)=3, n(B)=3, n(AUB)=6
n(AUB)=n(A)+n(B)
Or, 6 = 3+3
Or, 6 = 6 (which is verified) Disjoint Set in Venn diagram
2. n(AUB)= n(A)+n(B)-n(AՈB) [If they are the overlapping sets]
A={a,b,c,d}
B={c,d,e,f}
AUB={a,b,c,d,e,f}
n(A)=4, n(B)=4, n(AՈB)=2
n(AUB)=6
Now,
n(AUB)=n(A)+n(B)-n(AՈB)
Or, 6 = 4+4-2
Or, 6 = 6 (which is verified) ● n₀(A)=n(A)-n(A ՈB)
● n₀(B)=n(B)-n(AՈB)
3.n(U)=n(AUB)+n(AUB) [If n(AUB) is present at question]
4.n(U)=n(AUB) [If n(AUB) is absent at question i.e n(AUB)=0]
n(A)=n₀(A)+n₀(A∩B)+n(A∩B∩C)+n₀(A∩C)
n(B)=n₀(B)+n₀(A∩B)+n(A∩B∩C)+n₀(B∩C)
n(C)=n₀(C)+n₀(A∩C)+n₀(A∩B∩C)+n₀(B∩C)
n(AUBUC)=n₀(A)+n(B)+n₀(C)+n₀(A∩B)+n₀(B∩C)+n₀(A∩C)
+ n(A∩B∩C)
In an examination 45% students passed in science only, 25% passed in
English only and 5% failed in both subjects. If 200 students passed in
English then find the total number of people by using Venn diagram.

Solution,
let S and E refer to the set of students who passed science
and English respectively,
n(U)=100%
n₀(S)=45%
n₀(E)=25%
n(SUE)=5%
n(E)=200
let,n(S∩E)=x%
Representing the above information in Venn diagram,
From the Venn diagram,
45%+x%+25% +5%=100%
or, 75%+x%=100%
or, x%= 100%-75%
or, x% =25%
Again,
n(E)=n₀(E)+n(S∩E)
=25%+25%
= 50%
Let total students be y. Then
n(E)=50% of total students
=50% of y
Now,
50% of y = 200
or, 0.5x y = 200
or, y = 200
0.5
or, y = 400
Thus, 400 students were appeared in the examination.