1.

identify the three types of rocks;

2.classify rocks as to igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks;
and
3.appreciate the importance of rocks in
our daily life
It is the study of
rocks - igneous,
metamorphic,
and sedimentary
- and the
processes that
form and
transform them.
 A rock is a natural
substance
composed of solid
crystals of
different minerals
that have been
fused together
into a solid lump.

A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or

more minerals. The aggregate minerals forming the
rocks are held together by chemical bonds.
 • Formation at the surface (e.g., crystallization
of lava, precipitation of calcite or dolomite from
sea water)
Formation
below the
surface,
followed by
tectonic
uplift and
removal of
the overlying
material by
erosion
 Igneous rocks (derived
from the Latin word for
“fire”) are formed when
molten hot material
cools and solidifies.
Magma is composed of
very hot melted
minerals.

IGNEOUS ROCKS form by crystallization from molten or partially material,

called MAGMA. Magma comes mainly from two places where it is formed, (1)
in the asthenosphere and (2) in the base of the crust above subducting
lithosphere at a convergent plate boundary.
Extrusive Intrusive
When rocks are formed inside of the earth, they are called
intrusive, or plutonic igneous rocks.
Intrusive, or plutonic, igneous rock forms when magma
is trapped deep inside the Earth.

Intrusive rocks
have a coarse-
grained
texture.
Granite
A) This granite has
more plagioclase
feldspar than many
granites.
(B) Diorite has more
dark-colored
minerals than
granite.
(C) Gabbro.
(D) Peridotite
contains olivine and
other mafic minerals.
• If they are formed
outside or on top of
Earth’s crust, they are
called extrusive, or
volcanic igneous rocks.
• Extrusive, or volcanic,
igneous rock is
produced when magma
exits and cools above
(or very near) the
Earth's surface.
 • Extrusive igneous rocks
can also have a
vesicular, or “holey”
texture.
• This happens when the
ejected magma still has
gases inside of it so
when it cools, the gas
bubbles are trapped and
end up giving the rock a
bubbly texture.
Pumice
 It is a unique rock, noted for its light weight and low density (dry
pumice can float in water). It is commonly used in cement, concrete,
and breeze blocks and as an abrasive in polishes, pencil erasers,
exfoliates and to produce stone-washed jeans.

Pumice
• (A) Lava cools to form extrusive igneous rock. The rocks
here are basalts.
• (B) The strange rock formations of Chiricahua National
Monument in Arizona are formed of the extrusive igneous
rock rhyolite.
 Igneous rocks are classified based on

1. Composition
• FELSIC - light in color;
feldspar and silicates
MAFIC - dark in color;
made up of magnesium
and iron
• INTERMEDIATE – between
mafic and felsic
ULTRAMAFIC - very dark
color
 Igneous rocks are classified based on

2. Texture- overall appearance of rock

• Aphanistic - fine grained
• Phaneritic- coarse grained
• Porphyritic- large crystals
with small crystals
• Glassy- non-ordered solid
from rapid quenching
• Pyroclastic- composite of
ejected fragments
Igneous rocks can also be made a couple of different ways.
Sedimentary rocks
are recycled rocks
formed by the
deposition of
fragments of
material
(sediment) that
have been eroded
and weathered
from other parent
rocks.
Sedimentary rocks provide information about
surface conditions that existed in the Earth’s
past.

Because of this, they are the

primary story-tellers of past
climate, life, and major
events at Earth's surface.
Each type of environment
has particular processes that
occur in it that cause a
particular type of sediment
to be deposited there.
 Sedimentary rocks are formed from
pieces of other existing rock or organic
material.

3 TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
CLASTIC CHEMICAL
ORGANIC
 CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Clastic sedimentary
rocks are made up of
pieces (clasts) of pre-
existing rocks and shells
• Pieces of rock are loosened
by weathering, then
transported to some basin
or depression where
sediment is trapped.
• If the sediment is buried
deeply, it becomes
compacted and cemented,
forming sedimentary rock.
ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Rocks formed from the accumulation of animal
debris
 CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Chemical sedimentary
rocks form by precipitation
of minerals from water.
Precipitation is when
dissolved materials come out
of water.
• The most common chemical
sedimentary rock, by far, is
limestone. Others include
chert, banded iron formation,
and a variety of rocks that
form when bodies of water
evaporate.
 NAMES COLORS COMPOSITI USES
ONS
Sandstone Red or Mass of For
gray sand constructing
pressed sidewalks and
together buildings
Limestone White or Calcite and For
gray fossils construction of
buildings,
deposits form
stalactites and
stalagmites
Conglomerate With Cemented Used as
different gravel building stones
colors
Metamorphic rocks are those formed by changes in pre-existing
rocks (igneous or sedimentary) under the influence of high
temperature, pressure, and chemically active solutions.

The changes can be chemical

(compositional) and physical
(textural) in character

Metamorphism –
(transformation of one rock
type into another) often
produces apparent layering, or
banding, because of the
segregation of minerals into
separate bands.
2 Types of Metamorphism

A. Regional-due to changes in
pressure and temperature
over large region of the crust.

B. Contact -mainly by heat due to

contact with magma
 • Metamorphic Rock Isua.
• Metamorphic rock, estimated to be as old as 3.8 billion
years, located near Isua at Qorqut Sound, Greenland.
 Granite is an igneous rock that
forms when magma cools
relatively slowly underground. It
is usually composed primarily of
the mineral’s quartz, feldspar,
and mica.
When shale is subjected to
intense heat and pressure, it
changes into a metamorphic rock
called gneiss.

Slate is another common

metamorphic rock that forms
from shale.
Limestone, a sedimentary
rock, will change into the
metamorphic rock marble if
the right conditions are met.
 • MARBLE is a metamorphic rock that
forms when limestone is subjected to the
heat and pressure of metamorphism.
 TWO CLASSES OF
METAMORPHIC ROCKS

FOLIATED/LAYERED
• When a rock with flat or
elongated minerals is put NON-FOLIATED
under immense pressure,
• Non-foliated rocks are formed the same
the minerals line up in way, but they do not contain the
layers, creating foliation. minerals that tend to line up under
• Foliation is the aligning of pressure and thus do not have the
elongated or platy layered appearance of foliated rocks.
• Sedimentary rocks like bituminous coal,
minerals, like hornblende limestone, and sandstone, given enough
or mica, perpendicular to heat and pressure, can turn into non-
the direction of pressure foliated metamorphic rocks like
that is applied. anthracite coal, marble, and quartzite.
NAMES COLORS COMPOSITIONS USES

Slate Dark gray Shale Used for

or black blackboards,
roofs, and sinks

Marble Light Limestone Used to make

colored buildings,
monuments, and
sculptures
Quartzite White/gray/ Sandstone Used in
yellowish/ glassmaking and
black/ light in the
brown/blue/ manufacture of
green/ sandpaper

purple
• The relative age of
a rock is its age
compared to other
rocks.
• Use words like:
older or younger.
• The absolute age of
a rock is the
number of years
since the rock was
formed.
• Ex: 358-360 mya

C is the oldest sedimentary
rock, B is younger and A is still
younger.
The full sequence of events is:
1. Layer C formed.
2. Layer B formed.
3. Layer A formed.
4. After layers A-B-C were
present, intrusion D cut across
all three.
5. Fault E formed, shifting rocks
A through C and intrusion D.
6. Weathering and erosion
created a layer of soil on top of
layer A.
 The rock cycle is a concept used to explain how the
three basic rock types are related and how Earth
processes, over geologic time, change a rock from one
type into another
(1). The magma cools (2)
to form igneous rocks (3).
Exposed rock can be worn
away by wind, water, and
ice. This is known as
weathering (4).
The weathered material
can move (erosion) and
eventually settle at the
bottom of a body of water
(sedimentation) (5).
Over time the layers of
materials can be
cemented together
(lithified) to form
sedimentary rocks (6).
The layers can be shifted,
folded, and buried as a result
of plate tectonics. This
exposes them to heat and
pressure (7). The heat and
pressure transform them
into metamorphic rocks (8).
Some of these rocks become
so hot that they melt and
form magma (9) and then
the cycle starts again.
The cycle may, however, be
interrupted and follow any
of the paths as shown in the
image below.
It can take millions of years
for a rock to cycle through
the rock cycle.
❖In the formation of
igneous rock, extreme
heat is necessary.
❖Any kind of rock or
sediment will melt at
very high
temperature.
❖The melted rock may
be called magma if it
does not reach Earth’s
surface.
❖When magma or lava
cools and hardens,
then igneous rocks is
formed.
In the formation of sedimentary rock, there must first be
the breaking down of the original rock.

The smaller particles of rocks are

then called sediments, and these
are carried by water, wind, or ice
and deposited in riverbed and
seabed.

They are compacted by heavy

weights and cemented together by
some dissolved minerals like quartz
and calcite.
When water evaporates,
sedimentary rocks appear.
 • Metamorphic rock is formed by changing the molecules
and their arrangement from their original state.
• This happens with the help of very high temperatures and
very high pressure at the same time.
 Important Facts

• Rocks found on the moon have the same

composition on the rocks found on Earth.
• Hydrothermal metamorphism occurs when hot,
mineral-rich fluids come into contact with rocks
deep inside the Earth.
• It is believed in some cases that it helps produce
ores of copper, zinc, iron, and gold.
LEARNING PLAN 1 IN A GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
TYPES OF ROCKS

Rock, in geology, naturally occurring and

coherent aggregate of one or more
minerals. Such aggregates constitute the
basic unit of which the solid Earth

IGNEOUS ROCKS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Igneous rocks (from the Latin
word for fire) form when hot,
molten rock crystallizes and
solidifies. The melt originates
deep within the Earth near active
plate boundaries or hot spots,
then rises toward the surface.
Sedimentary rocks are types of Metamorphic rocks form
rock that are formed by the when rocks are subjected to
accumulation or deposition of high heat, high pressure, hot
mineral or organic particles at mineral-rich fluids or, more
Earth's surface, followed by commonly, some
cementation. Sedimentation is
the collective name for processes combination of these
that cause these particles to factors.
settle in place.