ROCK CYCLE

OBJECTIVES
• Describe the changes in mineral
components and texture of rocks due to
changes in pressure and temperature.
• Describe how rocks behave under
different types of stress such as
compression, pulling apart and shearing
• About 4.6 billion years ago, our
planet Earth was formed. It is a round
ball of rock. Earth is the only planet
with living creatures. The Earth has
four layers: the crust, mantle, outer
core and inner core.
• The inner core is at the center of
the Earth which is made of iron. It
is very hot and keeps the outer
core as liquid.
• Mantle is made up of thick
rock and the crust is a thin
surface that consists of the
lightest rock.
 ROCKS
• Rock is a solid mass,
mostly a mixture of
minerals. The lightest
rocks form the continents.
• Naturally occurring aggregate
or combination of minerals
and mineraloids (fossil and
glass)
• Building blocks of the
Earth’s lithosphere.
• Rocks are natural resources
that help us in many ways.
• It can help us in making
pencils, jewelry, houses and
many more.
ROCKS igneous

sedimentary

metamorphic
IGNEOUS ROCK
• Formed through the
cooling of magma or
lava.
• “Ignis” meaning fire
 MAGMA/ LAVA MAY BE
SOLIDIFIED IN THREE WAYS…
1. From a slow-cooling
magma rocks formed
have good crystallization
(coarse-grained)
Plutonic or intrusive
rocks
2. From a fast-cooling lava
rocks formed have no visible
crystals (fine-grained)
Volcanic or extrusive rocks
3. From the consolidation of
particles erupted by explosive
volcanic activity it may become
pyroclastic rocks.
• When rocks are worn, these
pieces of rocks, minerals and
soil are moved by wind and
water. It can be carried to any
other places. And from there, it
will be filed up together in
places just like under the lakes
and oceans. They will be
pressed together over time. This
 SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
• Accumulated on Earth’s
surface (deposition)
• Combination of the
products of weathering
and erosion, and organic
materials.
LITHIFICATION
• Process by which these
unconsolidated
materials become
solidified into rock
• Other rocks change from
one time to another and is
called Metamorphic rocks.
• Metamorphic means to
change.
 METAMORPHIC
ROCK
• Formed from the exposure of
sedimentary and igneous rock
to high pressure, high
temperature, or both, deep
within the Earth’s surface.
• Any kind of rock can
change into a new rock.
This is what we call
METAMORPHISM.
 TWO TYPES OF ROCK
METAMORPHISM

• Contact metamorphism
is caused by an increase in heat
• Regional metamorphism
is caused by pressure.
CONTACT METAMORPHISM

• Intense heat
• Existing rocks buried deeper and deeper
under the surface of the Earth are in
contact with heat provided by lava or
magma. When temperature rises,
existing rock will be burned or
metamorphosed by the heat of magma.
CONTACT METAMORPHISM

• Burning makes the rocks

metamorphosed into a new
metamorphic rock.
CONTACT METAMORPHISM

• For example, as heat is produced,

some sedimentary rocks turn into
metamorphic rocks like:
• limestone to marble
• quarts to quartzite
• Shale to hornfels
 REGIONAL
METAMORPHISM

• It covers a much larger area.

Imagine a plate boundary, a
fault or crack. If its coming
together, in the middle of
the plate, pressure increases.
 REGIONAL
METAMORPHISM

• Happens when these rocks are

buried deep down in the crust.
This is commonly associated
with convergent plate boundaries
and the formation of mountain
ranges.
INCREASE IN PRESSURE

• Pressure can cause rock in

the middle to
metamorphosed
• Among the three types of
rocks, metamorphic rock
is the hardest. Most of
these rocks are found in
the mountainous regions.
 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
ARE CATEGORIZE IN TWO:

• Foliates
• Non-foliates
 FOLIATE

• Latin word meaning sheets.

• It is composed of large
amounts of micas and
chlorites. These are minerals
that have a distinct cleavage.
• Gneiss and schist are
examples of foliated rocks
that are produced by
regional metamorphism.
 NON-FOLIATES

• Have no cleavage at all

• Examples are quartzite and
marble. It is made up of
sandstone that has been
metamorphosed. Marble is
metamorphosed limestone.
ROCK CYCLE
 ROCK CYCLE
• Process wherein rocks
are constantly being
transformed, generated,
and destroyed.
 CLASSIFICATION
OF ROCKS
• Aphanitic
Rocks have grains that are too small
to see or identify
• Phaneritic
rocks have grains which are big
enough to see.
 ACTIVITY

• On your memo app, answer

the following based on
what you learned. Answer
it briefly and concisely.
(15pts)
• How does a metamorphic rock
change into another type of
metamorphic rock?(3pts)
• An igneous rock can become a
metamorphic rock, how can this
happen?(3pts)
• Explain how sediments are formed?
(3pts)
• Explain the rock cycle.(6pts)