Theories on the Origin of

the Universe
  Describe the historical development of the
theories that explain the origin of the
universe.
 Compare the different hypotheses
explaining the origin of the Solar System.
OBJECTIVES  Describe the unique characteristics of Earth
necessary to support life.
 Explain that Earth consists of four
subsystems across whose boundaries matter
and energy flow.
  The Hindu ancient text “Rigveda”
described the universe as a cyclical or
oscillating universe in which a “cosmic
Cyclical or egg” or Brahmanda, which contains the
Oscillating whole universe, including the sun, moon,
universe and planets and all of space expands out of
a single concentrated point called a BINDU
before subsequently collapsing again.
Cyclical or
Oscillating
universe
  The Greek philosopher Anaxagoras believed that the
original state of the cosmos was a primordial mixture
of all its ingredients, which existed in infinitesimally
small fragments of themselves. This mixture was not
entirely uniform, and some ingredients were present in
Primordial higher concentrations than others, as well as varying

Universe from place to place. At some point in time, this

mixture was set in motion by the action of “nous” or
mind, and the whirling motion shifted and separated
out the ingredients, ultimately producing the cosmos
of separate material objects, all with different
properties, that we see today.
Primordial
Universe
  The greek philosophers Leucippus and
Democritus founded the school of atomism
where they held that the universe was
composed of very small, indivisible and
Atomic indestructible building blocks known as
Universe atoms. All of reality and all the objects in
the universe are composed of different
arrangements of these eternal atoms and an
infinite void which they form different
combinations and shapes.
Atomic
Universe
  Aristotle established a geocentric universe
in which fixed, spherical Earth is at the
center surrounded by concentric celestial
spheres of planets and stars and the four and
Aristotelian the four classical elements of fire, earth, air
Universe and water which are acted on by two
forces- gravity, which is the tendency of
earth and water to sink, and levity, which is
the tendency of air and fire to rise.
Aristotelian
Universe
 The stoic philosophers of ancient
Greece believed that the universe
is like a giant living body, with its
leading part being the stars and
Stoic Universe the sun in which all parts are
interconnected. What happens in
one place affects what happens
elsewhere.
Stoic Universe
  The Greek astronomer and mathematician
Aristarchus of Samos was the first person
to present an explicit argument for a
heliocentric model of the solar system,
Heliocentric placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center
of the known UNIVERSE. He described the
Universe Earth as rotating daily on its axis and
revolving annually about the sun in a
circular orbit along with a sphere of fixed
stars.
  Seleucus of Selucia who lived about a
century after Aristarchus supported this
theory and used tides to explain
heliocentricity and the influence of the
moon.
Heliocentric  The Indian astronomer and mathematician
Universe Aryabhata and the Muslim astronomer
Ja’faribn Muhammad Abu Ma’shar al-
Balkhi described the elliptical orbits around
the Sun in the 5th and 9th century CE
respectively.
Heliocentric
Universe
 The Roman-Egyptian mathematician
and astronomer Claudius Ptolemaeus
described a geocentric model of the
Ptolemaic universe based on the theory of
Universe Aristotle in which the planets and the
rest of the universe orbit a stationary
Earth in a circular epicycles.
Ptolemaic
Universe
 Several medieval Christian, Muslim
and Jewish scholars put forward the
idea of a universe, which was finite in
Abrahamic time.
Universe John Philoponus of Alexandria, a
Christian philosopher, was the first to
argue that the universe is finite in time
and therefore had a beginning.
 Muslims theologians such as Al-Kindi
in the 9th century AD and Al-Ghaali in
Abrahamic the 11th century AD, Jewish
Universe philosopher Saadi Gaon in the 10th
century AD supported a finite
universe
Abrahamic
Universe
 Somayaji Nilakantha of the Kerala
School of astronomy and mathematics
in southern India developed a
Partially computational system for a partially
heliocentric heliocentric planetary model in which
universe the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars,
Jupiter, and Saturn orbited the Sun,
which in turn orbited the Earth.
 Nicolaus Copernicus adapted the geocentric
Maragha of Ibn al-Shatir to meet the
requirements of the heliocentric universe of
Aristarchus. His publication of a scientific
theory of heliocentrism demonstrating that the
Copernican motions of celestial objects can be explained
universe without putting the Earth at rest in the center
of the universe stimulated further scientific
investigations and become a landmark in the
history of modern science, sometimes known
as the Copernican Revolution.
Copernican
Universe
  Rene Descartes outlined a model of the
Cartesian universe with many of the characteristics of
Newton’s static, infinite universe. According to
Vortex Descartes, the vacuum of space was not empty
at all but was filled with matter that swirled
Universe around in large and small vortices.
Cartesian
Vortex
Universe
  Sir Isaac Newton published his
“Principia” which described a
Static or static steady state, infinite universe.
Newtonian In Newton’s universe, matter on the
large scale in uniformly distributed
universe and the universe is gravitationally
balanced but essentially unstable.
  Was first proposed by the Swedish
scientist and the philosopher Emanuel
Hierarchical Swedenborg and developed further by
universe and Thomas Wright in 1750, Immanuel
Kant in 1755, Johann Heinrich
the nebular
Lambert in 1761, and a similar model
hypothesis was proposed by Frenchman Pierre-
Simon Laplace in 1769.
Hierarchical
universe and
the nebular
hypothesis
 Albert Einstein assumed this model
of universe.
He added cosmological constant to
Einsteinian his general theory of relativity
universe equations to counteract the dynamical
effects of the gravity, which would
have caused the universe to collapse.
Einsteinian
universe
  The Big Bang Theory describes the universe as
originating in an infinitely tiny, infinitely dense
point or singularity between 13 to 14 billion
Big bang years ago.

model of the  The essential statement of the theory is usually

attributed to the Belgian Roman Catholic priest
universe Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaitre in
1927 even before Hubble’s corroborating
evidence.
 Big bang
model of the
universe
 Proposed by the English astronomer Fred
Hoyle and the Austrians Thomas Gold and
Herman Bondi. The theory predicted a
Steady state universe that expanded but did not change
universe its density with matter being inserted into
the universe as it expanded in order to
maintain a constant density
Steady state
universe
  The American Physicist Allan Guth
proposed a model of the universe based on
the Big Bang. He incorporated a short,
Inflationary early period of exponential cosmic
universe inflation in order to solve the horizon and
flatness problems of the standard Big
Bang model.
  The Russian-American physicist Andrei
Linde developed the inflationary universe
with his chaotic inflamation theory in
1983. this theory sees our universe as just
one of many “bubbles” that grew as a
Multiuniverse part of a multiuniverse.
 “Many Worlds” popularized and
developed by Hugh Everett III and Bryce
DeWitt
Theories
on the
Origin of
the
SOLAR
SYSTEM
  A representation of an idea, object, or
even a process that is used to describe and
MODEL explain phenomena that cannot be
experienced directly.
  Immanuel Kant(1724-1804) and
Pierre-Simon Laplace(1749-1827) were
the first to propose the earliest theory of
how the solar system originated in what is
NEBULAR known to be as the Kant-Laplace
HYPOTHESIS Nebular Hypothesis.
 The solar system began as a cloud of
dispersed particles.
  Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin (1848-
1928) and Forest Ray Moulton(1872-
1952) challenged the Kant-Laplace
Hypothesis in what is known to be as
PLANETISIMAL Chamberlin-Moulton Planetisimal
AND TIDAL Hypothesis.
THEORIES  the cross-pull from the star was thrust into
elliptical orbits around the sun. The
smaller masses quickly cooled to become
solid bodies called planetisimals.
 TIDAL THEORY
 proposed by James Hopwood Jeans
(1877-1946) and Harold Jeffreys (1891-
PLANETISIMAL 1989) is a variation of the planetisimal
AND TIDAL concept. It suggests that a huge tidal
THEORIES wave was raised on our sun by a passing
star.
  Gerard Kuiper (1905-1973) proposed this
current working model for the formation of
the solar system.

PROTOPLANETS
THEORY  -incorporates many of the components of
the nebular hypothesis but adds some new
aspects from the knowledge of fluids and
states of matter.
LIFE ON
EARTH
What are the unique
characteristics of
Earth that allow the
existence of life?
  Earth has a breathable atmosphere.
Oxygen is the gas that is required for the
life of most creatures. This is present in
Atmosphere Earth's atmosphere and also in water.
Oxygen is constantly put into the
atmosphere by plants and trees.
  Atmosphere - 480 kms. thick
Layers:
 Exosphere
 Thermosphere
 Mesosphere
 Stratosphere
 Troposphere
Atmosphere
Atmosphere composition:
 Nitrogen - 78 %
 Oxygen - 21 %
 Argon - 0. 93%
 Carbon dioxide 0. 04 %
  Earth's atmosphere also contains a
small amount of carbon dioxide. Its small
portion present is useful in moderating
planet's temperature. This is also absorbed
Atmosphere by plants during photosynthesis to produce
oxygen.
  Carbon dioxide which is considered as
poisonous gas which makes up most of
Atmosphere the atmosphere of planets like Venus and
Mars and makes them unable to support
human life.
  Mercury can be anything from - 200°C
below freezing to 375°C above. At 375°C,
water would only exist as a gas, and the
planet would be completely dry.
 Venus has a surface temperature of 480°c,
Suitable which would be much too hot for anybody
temperature to live in.
 Mars, although it can reach 25°C, is usually
freezing and can be as cold as -140°C, a
temperature which would freeze blood and
water.
  Earth has water! Water is considered to
be the most important chemical necessary
for life. It contains the oxygen needed for
life. Other liquids can contain poisonous
Water elements. Water doesn't burn skin (like
liquids containing acids do), it is
drinkable, and it allows life-providing
molecules to move around easily.
  Other moons in the Solar System, such as
Europa, a moon of Jupiter, are believed to
have oceans of water under its icy surface.

Water Scientists believe that the presence of

water on other objects in the solar system
greatly increases the chances of life
existing on them.
  Water on Earth is abundant and can be
found in its three states of matter. It can be

Water frozen, taking the form of ice. It can be

liquid, seen in seas and oceans and lakes.
It can also be a gas, seen as clouds.
  The normal adult is made up of
approximately 60% of water.

 Water makes up 71 % of the earths surface

29 % continents and islands
Water
 Salt water - 96.5 %
 Freshwater - 3.5 %
 If you could melt all the ice on earth, sea
levels would rise to an altitude of 2.7 km
  All planets receive light from the Sun, but
no planet uses it as usefully as Earth. Trees
and plants on the planet produce oxygen
through a process called photosynthesis.
Plants need the Sun to grow.
Light  Look at plants in windows and notice how
they usually seem to grow towards the Sun.
Try growing a plant in a dark room and in a
light room. Notice which one grows quicker.
The one which has grown quickest is the one
which also produces more oxygen.
  All of the reasons given above for life
existing on Earth are only possible
because of one main reason. The Sun! Put
simply, if there was no Sun, there would
be no life on Earth. Technically, Earth
Sun probably wouldn't exist either! Because of
Earth's ideal distance from the Sun, it
receives the perfect amount of heat and
light to allow life to be created and to
support it.
  The ozone layer is a part of Earth's
atmosphere situated in an area known as
Presence of the stratosphere. The ozone layer starts at
between 10 to 17 kilometres (6 to 10
ozone layer miles) from Earth's surface and extends up
to 50 kilometres (30 miles) high.
  Ozone is able to absorb most ultraviolet radiation so
prevents it from reaching the surface. However, some
manmade products use chemicals which can damage
the ozone layer if allowed out. These chemicals are
known as CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) and are often
used in refrigeration. They were also used in spray
Presence of cans. It is the presence of chlorine in these CFCs
ozone layer which is particularly harmful. If chlorine is able to
get into the stratosphere, it is able to break down
ozone. And breaking down ozone reduces the amount
of protection that the ozone layer can provide. So it is
important that you look after the ozone layer because,
after all, it looks after you.
  The Sun is good, but it isn't completely
good. In fact, too much Sun can be very
bad. The Sun continually pumps out
radiation. Heat and light are two examples
Presence of of this radiation and, as we have seen, are
essential to life existing on Earth. But
ozone layer there is a another type of radiation that the
Sun produces which we can't see or feel.
This is ultraviolet radiation or UV rays.
  Only about 1% of the ultraviolet radiation
that the Sun sends to Earth actually reaches
the surface. Small amounts of exposure to
UV rays are beneficial. They cause the
body to produce Vitamin D, which has
Presence of several health benefits, and it has been
ozone layer suggested that even a few minutes of
exposure to sunlight will cause the body to
produce enough natural Vitamin D for the
whole day. UV rays are also what causes
skin to tan.
  Too much exposure to ultraviolet
radiation can cause sunburn or have even
Presence of more serious long-term effects. What
prevents most of these dangerous UV rays
ozone layer from reaching the surface is the ozone
layer.
  The solar system is comfortably nestled
in a safe harbor between major spiral
arms, and its nearly circular orbit helps it
Our location is avoid the galaxy’s perilous inner regions.
far from many There are relatively few stars near the
hazards sun, reducing risks to Earth from
gravitational tugs, gamma-­ray bursts, or
collapsing stars called supernovae.
  Stars more massive than the sun burn
hotter and usually don’t live long enough
for planets to develop life.
Our sun is a
stable and long-  Less massive, younger stars are often
lasting star unstable and are prone to blasting their
planets with bursts of radiation.
  Earth orbits in the so-called Goldilocks
zone, where the planet receives enough
We’re at just the energy to allow water to exist as a liquid
right distance on its surface. Too far, and the vital
from the sun compound stays locked up as ice. Too
close, and the water would rapidly
evaporate into the atmosphere.
  The interstellar cloud of gas and dust that
gave rise to Earth contained enough
We have the right radioactive elements to power a churning
stuff to host a core for billions of years. This creates a
dynamic core magnetic field that protects the planet
from dangers like solar flares.
  It took the universe billions of years to be
inhabited by human beings in a rocky
planet called EARTH, which just happens
to be in the right star system and revolves
Science
connections at the right distance from its star. How
(200-250 words) does it feel that climate change due to
human activity is threatening the very
existence of life on this planet which is
13.8 billion years in the making?
 On your CUMO app, write your personal
insights about the lesson using the
prompts below.
Reflection
1: I understand that _________________________________.
I realize that ___________________________________________.
I used my knowledge to ______________________.