11th Grade

CHAPTER 1
EARTH`S ORIGIN
MARJORIE P. JOMOC, LPT
LESSON
01 02 03
ORIGIN OF ORIGIN OF LIFE ON
THE UNIVERSE THE SOLAR EARTH
SYSTEM
04 05
MOTIONS OF EARTH`S
EARTH SYSTEM &
SUBSYSTEMS
LESSON OBJECTIVES
Recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the
only planet in the solar system with properties
necessary to support life.
Explain that the Earth consists of four
subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and
energy flow.
01
ORIGIN OF
THE
UNIVERSE
THEORIES/HYPOTHESES
 GENESIS – one of the books
of the Hebrew Bible and
Christian Old Testament,
described how God separated
light from darkness, created
the sky, land, sea, moon, stars,
and every living creature in a
span of six days.
 RIGVEDA – describes the
universe as an oscillating
universe in which “cosmic egg”
or Brahmanda, containing the
whole universe---- including the
sun, moon, planets, and space
expands out of a single
concentrated point called Bindu,
and will eventually collapse
again.
THEORIES/HYPOTHESES
 ANAXAGORAS – a Greek  ATOMIC UNIVERSE –
Philosopher, believed that the proposed by Leucippus and
original state of the cosmos was a Democritus, believed that the
primordial mixture of all universe was composed of very
ingredients which was set in small, indivisible and
motion by the action, “nous” or indestructible atoms.
mind, then resulted in the
separation of this ingredients
which was later the universe
today.
THEORIES/HYPOTHESES
 STOIC PHILOSOPHERS –  GEOCENTRIC UNIVERSE –
believed that the universe is like a proposed by Aristotle and
giant living body with the sun and Ptolemy, believed that the Earth
the stars as the most important stayed motionless in the heavens
parts to which everything else was (at the center) and everything is
interconnected. revolving around it.
THEORIES/HYPOTHESES
 HELIOCENTRIC UNIVERSE  ISAAC NEWTON – described
– proposed by Nicolaus the universe as static, steady-
Copernicus, believed that the state, infinite universe; matter on
Sun is at the center and every the large scale is uniformly
celestial objects revolves around distributed, universe is
it. gravitationally balanced but
essentially unstable.
THEORIES/HYPOTHESES
 RENE DESCARTES –  BIG BANG THEORY – Belgian Roman
outlined a Cartesian vortex catholic priest, Edouard Lemaitre in 1927. It
describes the universe as expanding, and
model of the universe,
originated in an infinitely tiny, infinitely dense
believed that the vacuum of point around billion years ago (Gya).
space was not empty at all  It was a violent explosion which caused the
but was filled with swirling inflation and expansion of the universe.
whirlpool of fine matter,  According to the theory, matter was not present
at the beginning of time, there was only pure
producing what would later
energy compressed in a single point called
be called gravitational
singularity.
effects.
THEORIES/HYPOTHESES
 OSCILLATING UNIVERSE –  STEADY STATE THEORY
Albert Einstein`s model, followed – proposed by Fred Hoyle,
the general theory of relativity Thomas Gold, and Herman
equations of the universe with Bondi, predicted a universe
positive curvature; results in that expanded but has a
expansion of the universe for a constant density.
time, and then to its contraction due
to the pull of its gravity in a
perpetual cycle of big bang and big
crunch.
THEORIES/HYPOTHESES
 INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE –  MULTIVERSE – Russian-
proposed by American Physicist American physicist Andrei
Alan Guth, a model of the universe Linde developed the concept
based on the big bang theory which of inflationary universe that
he incorporated a short early period sees the universe as just one
of exponential cosmic inflation in of the many “bubbles” that
order to solve uncertainties of the grew as apart of the
standard big bang model, such as multiverse.
horizon and flatness problems.
02
ORIGIN OF
THE SOLAR
SYSTEM
THEORIES/HYPOTHESES
 GEOCENTRIC MODEL –  HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
Claudius Ptolemy, which states that –Nicolaus Copernicus, which
Earth is at the center of the Solar states that the Sun is the
System. center of Solar System.
The sun, moon, stars and five
planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars,
Jupiter, and Saturn) moved around
Earth.
THEORIES/HYPOTHESES
 ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS – According to this theory, about 5
Gya, a rogue star passed closed to the sun and stripped materials (hot
gases) from both the sun and the rogue star. The hot gases continued to
spin in the same direction as the sun, coalesced into smaller lumps
which formed the planets.
THEORIES/HYPOTHESES
 NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS – proposed by Immanuel Kant and Pierre-
Simon Laplace. It presumes that the Solar System began as a cloud of
dispersed interstellar gas called nebula. The mutual gravitational
attraction between particles caused them to start moving and colliding,
and they were kept together by electrostatic forces. The resulting
nebular aggregates became larger than the others, grew more rapidly,
and ultimately became planets.
 Conservation of angular momentum requires that a rotating disk form
with a large concentration at the center, which starts as the protosun,
while planets began forming within the disk.
THEORIES/HYPOTHESES
 PLANETSIMAL THEORY – Thomas Chrowder Chamberlain and
Forest Ray Moulton, which became Chamberlain-Moulton planetisimal
hypothesis. They proposed that a star passed close enough to the sun,
creating huge tides and causing materials to be ejected. These smaller
masses quickly cooled and became numerous smaller bodies called
planetisimals. Accretion of planetisimals created the larger bodies or
protoplanets.
THEORIES/HYPOTHESES
 PROTOPLANET HYPOTHESIS – It is built on the main concepts of
the nebular hypothesis, with added concepts based on new knowledge
on fluids and states of matter.
 According to this hypothesis, the Solar System began with the
fragments from an interstellar cloud composed mainly of hydrogen,
helium, and trace amounts of the light elements.
 As the accretion continued, larger asteroid-sized aggregates called
planetisimals are formed, which orbited the center of the solar nebula.
 The planetisimals further grew in size due to the gravitational they
exert on to one another, forming moon-sized bodies that would later
become planets.
03
LIFE ON
EARTH
LIQUID WATER
 Scientists believe that water on Earth came from two
possible sources:
(a)Water released through volcanism, and;
(b)Water that came from the icy meteors of the outer
regions of the Solar System that bombarded Earth.
 Earth`s distance from the sun, called habitable zone,
allows Earth to hold water in its liquid form.
HEAT SOURCE
 Heat came from two sources:
(a) Heat coming from Earth is caused by radiogenic heat
from the radioactive decay of materials in the core
and mantle, and extruded via active tectonic activities
such as volcanism and plate movements.
(b) Heat provided by the sun is in the form of radiation
which enters Earth.
ATMOSPHERE
 The atmosphere is responsible for the occurrence of
greenhouse phenomenon, a natural processes which
maintains heat.
 The existence of an atmosphere on the planet is mainly
due to its gravity which pulls the atmosphere from
being carried away by solar radiation, and volcanism
on Earth which replenishes the amount of gases lost to
outer space.
04
MOTIONS OF
EARTH
 Earth`s motion is evidenced by the daily
rotation and the yearly revolution.
 Earth`s rotation is the amount of time that it
takes to turn around once on it`s axis.
 Axis is an imaginary line about which a body
rotates.
 Earth`s axis is tilted 23.5 degrees.
KINDS OF ROTATION
 Sidereal Day – the amount it takes for Earth to
turn on its axis.
Earth rotates; 23 hours and 56 minutes
 Solar Day – that amount of time it takes for the
sun to return to the same spot.
Sun`s position in the sky catches up by 4
minutes each day
As Earth rotates around the sun, a flow of energy is
received through solar radiation:
 Biologically, only photosynthetic organisms are capable of
harnessing and converting radiant energy to chemical
energy through the process of photosynthesis
 Physiologically, all organisms respond to stimulus. Each
organism is equipped with a unique structure, such as the
human skin, that responds to sunlight.
 Meteorologically, Earth`s weather and climate is driven by
solar radiation. Heating of planet as a result of rotation
affects the biogeochemical cycles such as the hydrologic
cycle.
 The water vapor in the atmosphere causes moisture and
cloud to form and precipitation to happen.
 Moreover, the varying atmospheric pressure exerted by air
results to the general circulation that determines the
different ecosystems on Earth.
05
EARTH
SUBSYSTEMS
EARTH AS A CLOSED SYSTEM
 The amount of matter within a closed system is
fixed.
 Volume of Mineral Resources
-the resources used can never be
regenerated, and waste produced cannot
really be disposed.
EARTH`S SUBSYSTEMS
 GEOSPHERE – refers to the solid Earth. It is
composed of naturally-occurring solid aggregate
of minerals, organic material, or natural glass
called rocks, and loose particles of rocks that
blanket the surface of Earth called regolith.
 Geosphere also includes geologic landforms such
as mountains and hills.
EARTH`S SUBSYSTEMS
 HYDROSPHERE – is the totality of Earth`s
water, including the permanently frozen parts
called cryosphere. Earth is the only planet in the
solar system that contains water in all of its three
phases.
EARTH`S SUBSYSTEMS
 ATMOSPHERE – is the mixture of gas
(nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and
water vapor) that surround the planet.
 Aside from the presence of important gases in the
atmosphere, its relative abundance is also crucial:
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, and
0.10% for different trace gases.
EARTH`S SUBSYSTEMS
 BIOSPHERE – includes all life forms and even
organic matter that has not yet decomposed
EARTH SUBSYSTEMS ARE OPEN SYSTEM
 Matter and energy can freely transfer between
them. Thus, any disturbance in one system
affects the others.
 The four subsystems are closely linked through
the biogeochemical cycles which, as the term
implies, involves biological, geochemical, and
chemical factors.
EXAMPLE
 Water from the ground is absorbed by the plants
through osmosis, then released into the
atmosphere through transpiration. Water vapor
in the atmosphere eventually falls as
precipitation where a portion of it is absorbed by
the rocks and becomes part of the groundwater.
CARBON CYCLE
 These biogeochemical cycles are pathways by
which chemical substances move through biotic
(biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere,
atmosphere, and hydrosphere) components of
Earth.
 It also maintains the balance of substances in the
different subsystems of Earth.
HAPPY
READING
, CLASS!