Arrange the following jumbled letters to determine the following

words.
YSHTORI HISTORY
IGRION ORIGIN
ENGAHC CHANGE
HEART EARTH
FILE LIFE
CHAPTER 1:

The Earth’s Origin

1.1. Theories
on the
Origin of the
Universe
OBJECTIVE
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
 describe the historical development of theories that explain the
origin of the universe.
Creation Myths

The book of
Genesis
 Creation Myths
The universe is an
oscillating universe in
which a “cosmic egg”
contains the whole universe
– expands out of a single
concentrated point, and will
eventually collapse again.
Brahmanda
 Scientific Theories of the Universe

Big Bang Theory Steady State Theory Inflation Theory

 Big
Scientific Theories: Bang Theory
 Proposed by Georges Lamaitre
(1927)
 Known to occur as the “great
explosion or expansion” which
comprises by space, time,
matter and energy in various
directions that was once
compacted into a tiny point 13.7 Gya
called singularity.
 Evidences of Big Bang Theory
 Galaxies moving away – in 1924, Edwin Hubble found out
that stars gather together, forming clusters called galaxies.
This was determine by the velocities of the amount of light
they emit.
 Presence of cosmic microwave background – CMBs were
discovered by a background radio emission coming from
every direction in the sky.
 Abundance of light elements
 Big Bang Theory: Fundamental Forces
 These were speculated to be unified into a single force at a
very high temperature (Planck Scale) but separated when the
temperature dropped.
1. Strong force – short-ranged attractive force
which binds the nucleus.
2. Weak force – short-ranged force present in
radioactive decay
3. Electromagnetic force – long-ranged force
that binds atoms which can either be attractive
or repulsive
4. Gravitational force – weak, long-ranged, and
attractive force which bind the Solar System
 Steady
Scientific Theories: State Theory

 Proposed by Hermann Bondi,

Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle in
1948.
 It predicted a universe that
expanded but did not change
density.
 Inflationary
Scientific Theories: Theory
 Proposed by Alan Guth, Andrei Linde,
Paul Steinhart, and Andy Albrecht
 It proposed a period of rapid
expansion of the universe prior to the
more gradual big bang expansion.
 During this rapid expansion, the
energy density of the universe was
dominated by a cosmological constant-
type of vacuum energy.
 1.2. The
Origin of the
Solar System
OBJECTIVE
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
 compare the hypotheses explaining the origin of the Solar System.
What is a
Model?
 Model
A model is a representation of an idea, an
object, or even a process that is used to
describe and explain a phenomena that cannot
be experience directly.
 Claudius Ptolemy

The Earth is the

center of the
Solar System

Geocentric Model
Nicolaus Copernicus

The Sun is the

center of the
Solar System

Heliocentric Model
Scientific Theories of the Solar System

 Nebular Hypothesis
 Planetesimal and Tidal
Theory
 Protoplanet Theory
Nebular Hypothesis
 Kant-Laplace Nebular
Theory.
 Proposed by Immanuel
Kant and Pierre-Simon
Laplace.
 This hypothesis presumes
that the Solar System
began as a cloud of
dispersed interstellar gas
(nebula).
Nebular Hypothesis
 Due to gravitational
attraction, the nebular
particles moved, collided
then interlocked with one
another forming the
planets.
 Planetesimal
Theory
 Chamberlin-Moulton
Planetesimal Hypothesis.
 A proposed theory by
Thomas Chamberlin and
Forest Ray Moulton.
 It says that a star passed
closed enough to the Sun,
creating huge tides and
causing materials to be
ejected.
 Planetesimal
Theory
 The smaller masses quickly
cooled and became
numerous smaller bodies
called planetesimals.
 While accretion of
planetesimals created
larger bodies called
protoplanets
 Tidal Theory

 Jean-Jeffreys’ Tidal
Theory.
 This theory was proposed
by James Hopwood Jeans
and Harold Jeffreys.
 A variation of planetesimal
theory.
 Tidal Theory
 It suggested that when a huge
tidal wave was created from
sun’s collision with another star,
a long filament was drawn out
and detached from a principal
mass.
 As the gaseous mass
condensed, it separated into
masses of various sizes and
condensed to form planets.
Protoplanet Theory
 A modified version of Nebular
Hypothesis
 The dense area of the nebula
and the gaseous matter
surrounding it ceased to rotate
uniformly.
 Under the influence of
turbulence and tidal action, the
nebula broke into whirlpools of
gas within a rotating mass
called protoplanet.
 Protoplanet
Theory
 The chemical and physical
differences of the planetary
formation was provided by
Harold Urey.
 Acc. to him, the terrestrial
planets were formed at high
temperatures of 2200°F – high
enough to drive off the lighter
elements but low enough to
allow the condensation of
heavier substances.
 Protoplanet
Theory
 Because of the Jovian/ gas
planets’ proximity to the
Sun, they were prevented
from forming earthly
materials and were only
made up of methane, water
and ammonia.