The Universe

and
The Solar System

Prepared by:
Edrick R. Pascual, LPT
Specific Learning Outcomes

At the end of the Lesson, the learners will be able to:

 Describe the structure and composition of the

universe,
 State the different hypothesis that preceded the
Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe,
 Explain the red shift and how it used as proof of an
expanding universe, and;
 Explain the big bang theory and evidences
supporting the theory.
IMPORTANT TERMS
Baryonic matter

“ ordinary matter”
consisting of
protons,
electrons, and
neutrons that
comprises atoms,
planets, stars,
galaxies and
other bodies.
 Dark Matter
Matter that has gravity but does not emit light.
 Dark Energy
A source of anti-gravity; a force that counteracts
gravity and causes the universe to expand.
Composition of the Universe
 Protostar
An early stage in the formation of a star resulting
from the gravitational collapse of gases.
 Thermonuclear fusion
A nuclear fusion responsible for the energy
produced by stars.
 Main sequence stars
Stars that fuse hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in
their cores; outward pressure resulting from nuclear
fusion is balanced by gravitational forces.
 Light years
The distance light can travel in a year; a unit of
length used to measure astronomical distance.
Theories on the Origin of the Universe
  The narrative from
The Creation Genesis, one of the
books of the
Hebrew Bible and
Christian old
testament.

 Describe how God

separated light
from darkness,
created the sky,
land, sea, moons,
stars, and every
living creature in a
span of six (6) days.
Modern Theories on the Origin of the
Universe
Physics is Back in Business!

 Astronomers use the principles of

physics and mathematics to learn
about the fundamental nature of the
universe, including the sun, moon,
planets, stars and galaxies.
 Steady State Model

 Proposed by astronomers Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold

and Herman Bondi.

 Predicted a universe that expanded but did not change

its density- matter was inserted into the universe as
it expanded in order to maintain a constant density.

 Its prediction led to test and its eventual rejection with

the discovery of the cosmic microwave background.
 • Describe the
BIG BANG THEORY universe as
•The current accepted model on the expanding, and
formation of the universe is the big originated in an
bang theory. infinitely tiny,
infinitely dense
point around 13.77
billions years ago.
• According to the
theory, matter was
not present at the
beginning of time.
•There was only pure energy compressed in a single point
called singularity.
The Priest and the Bang

• The fundamental
statement of the big
bang theory is
attributed to
Belgian Roman
Catholic priest
Monsignor Georges
Lemaitre in 1927.
He applied Albert Einstein’s Theory of
Relativity in Cosmology
 Spectrum Shifts of Galaxies
(some shifts were blue and some were red)

 A blue one
indicating that
the galaxy is
moving toward
us.
 A red one
meaning the
galaxy is
moving away.
 The Expanding Universe

 In 1929, Edwin Hubble announce his significant

discovery of the “redshift” and its interpretation
that galaxies are moving away from each other,
hence as evidence for an expanding universe, just
as predicted by Einstein’s Theory of Relativity.

 Hubble concluded that the universe is expanding.

 This evidence for expansion contradicted the

previously held view of a static and unchanging
universe.
The Big Bang Theory has withstood the
test for expansion:
 The redshift.

 Abundance of hydrogen, helium, and lithium.

 The uniformly pervasive cosmic microwave

background radiation- the remnant heat from
the bang.
Big Bang Theory
General Cosmological
Relativity Principle
Gravity is thought as a Assumes that the
distortion or universe is
curvature of space- homogeneous and
time and no longer isotropic when
described by averaged over large
gravitational field in scales. This is
contrast to the Law of consistent with our
Gravity of Isaac current large-scale
Newton. image of the universe.
Evolution of the Universe According to
the Big Bang Theory
 From time zero (13.8 billion years ago ) until
10^ -43 second later, all mater and energy in
the universe existed as a hot, dense tiny state.

 It then underwent extremely rapid,

exponential inflation until 10^ -32 second
later after which and until 10 seconds from
time zero, conditions allowed the existence of
only quarks, hadrons and leptons.
Evolution of the Universe According to
the Big Bang Theory
 In a fraction of a second, four fundamental
forces were formed: gravity (attraction
between bodies), electromagnetic force
( bonds atoms into molecules), strong
nuclear force (binds protons and neutrons
together in the nucleus), and weak nuclear
force ( breaks down atom’s nucleus and
produce radioactive decay).
Evolution of the Universe According to
the Big Bang Theory
 After 3 minutes, with the universe
continuously expanding, it begins to cool
down.
 Allowing the Big Bang nucleosynthesis to
took place and produced protons, neutrons,
atomic nuclei, and then hydrogen, helium
and lithium until 20 minutes after time zero
when sufficient cooling did not allow further
nucleosynthesis.
Evolution of the Universe According to
the Big Bang Theory
 About 300,000 years later, temperature became cool
enough for hydrogen and helium atoms to completely
form.

 At that point, photons escaped and light existed for the

very first time.

 From then on until 380,000 years, the cooling universe

entered a matter dominated period when photons
decoupled from matter and light could travel freely as still
observed today in the form of cosmic microwave
background radiation.
Evolution of the Universe According to
the Big Bang Theory
 As the universe continue to cool down,
matter collected into clouds giving rise to
only stars after 380,000 years and eventually
galaxies would form after 100 million years
from time zero during which, through
nucleosynthesis in stars, carbon and
elements heavier than carbon were
produced.
Evolution of the Universe According to
the Big Bang Theory
 The overall composition of the universe
transitioned from light elements from the
supernova as the temperature cooled down.

 This made solid particles, in the form of

nebula, to exist.

 These nebulae would later on form the star

system and planets know today.
Evolution of the Universe According to
the Big Bang Theory
 From 9.8 billion years until the present, the
universe became dark dominated and
underwent accelerating expansion.

 At about 9.8 billion years after the big bang,

the solar system was formed.
Oscillating Universe
 An oscillating universe was Albert Einstein’s favored
model after rejecting his own original model.

 The oscillating universe followed the General Theory of

Relativity Equations of the universe with positive
curvature.

 This curvature results in the expansion of the universe

for a time, and then to its contraction due to the pull of
its gravity in a perpetual cycle of big bang and big
crunch.
Inflationary Universe

 American physicist Alan Guth proposed a

model of the universe based on the big bang
theory .

 He incorporated a short early period of

exponential cosmic inflation in order to solve
the uncertainties of the standard big bang
model, such as horizon and flatness problem.
Multiverse

 Russian- American physicist Hugh Everett

developed a theory explaining that the
universe is just one of many bubbles in the
multiverse.

 This theory sees the universe as just one of

many bubbles that grew as a part of a
multiverse.