THE UNIVERSE

T/F THE LAWS OF PHYSICS BREAKDOWN AT THE CENTER OF THE BLACKHOLE

THERE ARE ONLY FEW KNOWN GALAXIES IN THE UNIVERSE
Religious Describes how God separated light from darkness, created the sky, land
Cosmology: sea, moon, stars and every living creature in a span of six days.
Genesis
Religious A Hindu text that describes the universe as an oscillating universe in which
Cosmology: a “cosmic egg” or Brahmanda containing the whole universe expanded out
Rigveda of a single concentrated point called Bindu and will eventually collapse
again.
How did the • Universe
Universe come • Space
about? • Time
• Matter
• Energy
• Dark matter
• Dark Energy
Universe It usually means the space that contains everything that exists.
The 4 Realities:
1. Space
2. Time
3. Energy
4. Matter
Space It refers to that which can contain something, which matter can occupy and
where events can take place.
3 dimensions
Time It is simply the separation between two events, happenings or occurrences.
It is what passes or elapses in between two events.
Space-Time A fundamental discovery of Albert Einstein.
Continuum That we can view space and time together as one entity.
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
Energy Is the capacity to do work
Other energies:
• Heat
• Electricity
• Light
• Mechanical
Dark Matter Really dark because light does not reflect
unknown physical entities due to absence of light
24%
Atoms: 4.6%
Dark Energy Dark implies that this energy is not yet observable
energy that causes the expansion of the universe
71.4%
Geocentric Greek Philosophers Aristotle and Ptolemy
Universe
Theory of 1543
heliocentrism Nicholas Copernicus
Giordano suggested that the solar system is not in the center of the universe and rather
Bruno just a star system among an infinite multitude of others.
Isaac Newton described the universe as
(1687) 1. static,
2. steady-state,
3. infinite universe.
matter on a large scale is uniformly distributed and the universe is
gravitationally balanced but essentially unstable.
Rene Descartes has almost the same interpretation as Newton’s
The vaccum of space was not empty at all but was filled with matter that
swirled around a large and small vortices.
His model involved a system of huge swirling whirlpools of fine matter,
producing what would later be called “gravitational effects”
Albert Einstein was no different from Newton’s static and dynamically stable universe that
is neither expanding or contracting.
He added a cosmological constant to his theory of general relativity
equations to counteract the effects of gravity (would have caused the
universe to collapse).
Edwin Hubble showed the universe was not static.
Bigbang  The current and most accepted model on the formation of the universe.
Theory  Describes the universe as expanding, having originated from an
infinitely tiny, infinitely dense point around 14 billion years ago.
 Matter was not present at the beginning of time; there was only pure
energy compressed in a single point called SINGULARITY.
 The fundamental statement is attributed to Belgian Roman Catholic
priest Georges Lemaitre in 1927.
 Supported by Edwin Hubble through his observation of redshifts in
1929.
 The discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Arno
Penzias and Robert Wilson 1965.
  BB was a violent explosion which caused the inflation and expansion of
the universe
 In a fraction of a second, the four fundamental forces were formed.
 After three minutes, it cooled down. (Protons and neutrons fuse and
form the nucleus of hydrogen and helium atoms.)
 300,000 years later, temperatures became cool enough for hydrogen and
helium atoms to completely form. And photons escaped and light
existed for the very first time.
 After 300, 000, 000 years stars and galaxies began to form as Hydrogen
and Helium coalesce (gravity).
 Transition of light to heavier elements from the supernova. Solid
particles in the form of Nebula made to exist.
 Matter dilutes as the universe expands
Oscillating  Albert Einstein favored model
Universe  This theory follows the General Theory of Relativity equations of the
universe with positive curvature.
 This curvature resulted in a expansion of the universe for a time.
 This contraction is due to the pull of gravity in a perpetual cycle of
successive explosion (Big Bang) and contraction (Big crunch).
Steady State  Proposed by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold and Herman Bondi
Theory  This theory claims that the universe has no beginning at all and will
have no end.
 The universe is
o infinite,
o constant,
o homogenous
o and isotropic
 In his book Pricipia, he described the universe as static, steady and
infinite universe.
 This is also known as Newtonian Universe.
 Matter is constantly created as the universe expands
Inflationary  American physicist Alan Guth proposed a model of the universe based
Universe on the Bigbang Theory.
 He incorporated a short early period of exponential cosmic inflation in
order to solve the uncertainties of the standard bigbang model such as
horizon and flatness problems. (INFLATIONARY MODEL)
 The Flatness Problem:
the theory has determined the geometry of the universe to be nearly flat.
However, under Big Bang cosmology, curvature grows with time.
 The Horizon Problem:
Distant regions of space in opposite directions of the sky are so far apart
that, assuming standard Big Bang expansion, they could never have
been in causal contact with each other. This is because the light travel
time between them exceeds the age of the universe.
Multiverse  Russian-American physicist Andrei Linde developed the concept of
inflationary universe from his chaotic theory in 1983.
  This theory sees the universe as just one of many “bubbles” that grew
as a part of the multiverse.
 American physicist Hugh Everett III and Bryce DeWitt initially
developed and popularized the concept of “many worlds” structure of
the universe in 1960s -1970s.
Origin of the  BIGBANG THEORY
universe  OSCILLATION THEORY
 STEADY-STATE THEORY
 INFLATION THEORY
 MULTIVERSE
Theory of  Doppler Effect
Relativity  Time Dilation
 Contraction
Fundamental  Strong Nuclear Force
Forces  Electromagnetic Force
 Weak Nuclear Force
 Gravitational Force
Nuclear Happens in lighter elements to form heavier elements
Fusion
Fission Happens in heavier elements to form lighter elements
Speed of Light Universal Speed limit that contradicted the claims of the Big bang theory to
be unparallel