EARTH SCIENCE
What is the universe?
 Totality of everything that exists.
 Whole cosmic system of matter.
 Composed of tiny, hot particles mixed
with energy.
 Described as dense, hot, globules of
gas expanding rapidly outward.
 Contained nothing but hydrogen and a
small amount of helium.
 Created 15 billion years ago
Atom – to form stars with the presence of
gravity.
Gravity – pulls galaxies together.
Creation of Myth: Natural Creation
 A symbolic narrative of the beginning of
the world as understood by a culture.
 Supernatural, Neurological,
Philosophical, Scared
Scientific Theory
 Big Bang Theory – it is the currently
accepted scientific model of how the
universe, and everything in it, came into
existence.
 Alexander Friedman & George
Lemaitre – proposed the Big Bang
Theory
 Alexander Friedman – proposed the
idea that the universe expands from a
single point.
 George Lemaitre – proposed the idea
that the physical universe was initially a
single particle the primeval “super
atom”.
 Supported by research and studies.
THEORIES:
HUMAN USE RELIGION, TRADITIONS,
AND STRUCTURE
HEBREW BIBLE AND CHRISTIAN OLD
TESTAMENT (GENESIS) – the universe
was created by God.
HINDU TEXT (RIGVEDA)
 Described the universe as an oscillating
universe in which a “cosmic egg” or
Brahmada contains the universe
including the sun, moon, planets, etc.
 Bindu – expanding in singular
concentrating point.
 says “No death, nor immortality” -- no
biological life
ANAXAGORAS (“NOUS” OR MIND)
 Believes seeds (supermata) to create
the universe.
 Believes in primordial universe
 Infinite number of particles.
LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS
 proposed the atomic universe.
 “Universe is nothing but a tiny atom.”
 Greek philosophers
 Very small and indestructible atoms.
PANSERMIA (SEED) – is the hypothesis
that life exists throughout the Universe.
 When atoms collide, it is called Fusion
ARISTOTLE AND PTOLEMY
(GEOMETRIC UNIVERSE)
 Earth center “The earth is the center of
it all”
 Motionless “earth” in heaven
 “earth being the center of all”
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
 Theory of Heliocentrism
 Heliocentrism – the motions of
celestial objects without putting the
earth at the center.
 Geocentrism – the Earth is considered
to be the center of the solar system.
ISAAC NEWTON (1687)
 described the universe as a static,
infinite universe
 Without a center or an edge
 Gravitational balance but essentially
unstable.
RENE DESCARTES (GRAVITATIONAL
EFFECT)
 A French philosopher, his model
involved the system of a swirling
whirlpool of fine matter around the
vertex
 Vacuum space is not empty but full of
matter.
 The entire universe was filled with a lot
of elements.
 Elements: Lithium 70%, Hydrogen
70%, Helium 25%
ALBERT EINSTEIN (GENERAL
RELATIVITY)
Steady-state Theory
 The universal is a static, dynamically
steady universe.
 Expanding and contracting.
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE AND SOLAR
SYSTEM:
BIG BANG THEORY
 Expanding
 Describes the universe as expanding, and
originated in an infinitely tiny and dense
point around 14 billion years ago.
 There is no present matter but it has pure
energy that compresses in a single point
called singularity.
 The universe was extremely hot.
 Gravity attraction between bodies
 Electromagnetic force – atoms are binding.
 Strong nuclear force (protons and
neutrons) binds inside the nucleus.
 Weak nuclear force – breakdown of atoms
that produces radioactive decay.
 Started in a cataclysmic explosion of a
small primeval “super atom”
 George Lemaitre – formed the modern Big
Bang theory
 Edwin Hubble – discovered that the
universe expands. The universe is moving
apart.
Expanding Universe
 Increase in distance between any two
given gravitationally unbound parts of the
observable universe with time.
 The energy from the Big Bang theory drove
the universe to early expansion. Since then
gravitational and dark energy have
engaged in a cosmic tug: gravity pulls
galaxies closer together.
 Open: Continues to expand
 Flat
 Close: stop expanding
 Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, Herman Bondi
(1984) – proposed this theory
 theoretical model in which the Universe is
constantly expanding but with a fixed
average density.
 Unchanging time and uniform space
 Matter was inserted into the universe as it
expanded in order to maintain a constant
density.
 Sir James Jean (1920) – was the first to
conjecture a steady-state cosmology based
 on a hypothesized continuous creation of
matter in the universe.
INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE
 Alan Guth (1979) – found out the
positive energy false vacuum.
 Faster than Big Bang Theory, no
magnetic
 This theory suggests that the universe
underwent a phase of extraordinary
expansion.
THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
STAR SYSTEM
 Also known as “stellar”
 Small number of stars that orbit each
other, bound by gravitational attraction.
HYPOTHESIS/THEORY
NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS
 States that the entire solar system starts
as a large cloud of gas that contracted
due to self-gravity.
 1755: Immanuel Kant (German
philosopher)
 1796: modified by Pierre Laplace
 The most widely accepted model
 Solar system is formed from gas and
dust
ACCRETION THEORY
 Explains the process of small clumps of
dust gathering together to gradually
form planetesimals.
 Planetesimals: larger size of asteroids
 1944: Otto Schmidt
PROTOPLANET HYPOTHESIS
 The solar system began with a fragment
from an interstellar cloud composed
mainly of hydrogen, helium, and trace
amounts of light elements.
 William Mccrea
ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS
 About 5 GVA (billion years) a rouge star
passed close to the sun and stripped
materials. (hot gases)
 George Leclerc and Comte de Buffon
 Collision of passing star and sun.
MODELS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
GEOCENTRIC
 Geo means earth
 Debunked theory (exposed the falseness
or hollowness of myth, idea, belief, etc.)
 The earth is the center of the universe
HELIOCENTRIC
 Cosmological model (mathematical
expression)
 Helio means sun
 In which the sun is the center and the
planets revolve around it.
ADDITIONAL INFO:
 100 million years ago, there were no
stars and planets
 Sun: about 4.49 billion years ago
 The universe is expanding rapidly
outward
 Telescope: Use to see stars
 Stars formed 100 million years ago
 300 million years ago, stars and galaxies
were formed. They are made up of
helium and hydrogen.
 Nebula – giant cloud and gas in space
 Supernova – explosion of a star
 Star – giant, hot ball of gas held by
gravity.
 Galaxy – a collection of stars, dusts, and
gases bound together by gravity
 Nobody knows the exact size of the
universe
 Observable Universe – part of the
universe that can be seen.
 The universe is a homogeneous.