Origin of the

UNIVERSE
 THEORIES
CREATIONISM
-the belief that the universe and the
various forms of life were created by
God out of nothing (ex nihilo).
 THEORIES
OSCILLATING UNIVERSE
-describe the universe as an
oscillating universe in which a
“cosmic egg” or Brahmanda.
- the cosmic egg contains the whole
universe- including the sun, moon,
planets, and space, expands out of
a single concentrated point called
“BINDU” and eventually collapse
again.
 THEORIES
PRIMORDIAL UNIVERSE
- Anaxagoras believed in
primordial universe and explained
that the original state of the
cosmos was primordial mixture of
all ingredients which existed in
infinitesimally small fragments.
 THEORIES
ATOMIC UNIVERSE
-Leucippus and Democritus
They held that the universe was
composed of very small, indivisible
and indestructible atoms.
 THEORIES
GEOCENTRIC UNIVERSE and HELIOCENTRIC
THEORY
Geocentric Universe
- Aristotle and Ptolemy states that the
Earth stayed motionless in heavens
and everything is revolving around it.
Theory of Heliocentrism
-Nicolaus Copernicus (1543)
- Demonstrated the motion of the
celestial objects can be explained
without putting earth in the center of
universe.
 THEORIES
Giordano Bruno (1584)

Even the Solar System is not the

center of the universe, it is merely just
another star system among the infinite
universe
 THEORIES
STATIC, STEADY-STATE, INFINITE
UNIVERSE and the STEADY STATE
THEORY

- Sir Isaac Newton (1687)

-according to him matter on the large
scale is uniformly distributed, and the
universe is gravitationally balanced but
essentially unstable.
 THEORIES
STATIC, STEADY-STATE, INFINITE
UNIVERSE and the STEADY STATE
THEORY

- Proposed by astronomers Fred

Hoyle, Thomas Gold, and Hermann
Bondi
- It was predicted a universe that
expanded but did not change its
density-matter was inserted into the
universe as it expanded in order to
maintain a constant density.
 THEORIES
CARTESIAN VORTEX MODEL
- Rene Descartes
- The vacuum of space was not
empty at all but was filled with
matter that swirled around in large
and small vortices.
- His model involved as system of
huge swirling whirlpools of fine
matter, producing what later be
called gravitational effects.
 THEORIES
DYNAMIC-STABLE UNIVERSE
- Albert Einstein
- Universe is neither expanding nor
contracting.
- He added a cosmological constant
to his general theory of relativity
equations to counterpart the
dynamic effects of gravity, which
would have caused the universe to
collapsed.
 THEORIES
INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE
- ALAN GUTH
- Based on Big Bang Theory
- He incorporated a short early period
of exponential cosmic inflation in
order to solve the uncertainties of
the standard big bang model, such
horizon and flatness problems.
 THEORIES
MULTIVERSE
- Andrei Linde
-this theory sees the universe as just
one of many “bubbles” the grew as a
part of the multiverse.

Hugh Everett III and Bryce DeWitt

-Initial developed and popularized the
concept of “many worlds” structure of
the universe in 1960’s and 1970’s
 THEORIES
BIG BANG THEORY
- Edouard Lemaitre (1927)
-describes the universe as expanding,
and originated in an infinitely tiny,
infinitely dense point around 14 billion
years ago(Giga years ago or GYA).
- According to the theory, matter was
not present at the beginning of time;
there was pure energy compressed in
a single point called singularity.
 THEORIES
BIG BANG THEORY
1. There was a violent explosion which
caused the inflation and expansion.
2. The universe was extremely hot that
matter cannot exist.
3. The four (4) fundamental were formed
-Gravity
-Electromagnetic Force
-Strong Nucleus Force
- Weak Nuclear Force
 THEORIES
BIG BANG THEORY
4. The universe continuously expanding,
it begin to cool down, allowing the
protons and neutrons to fuse and form
the nucleus of Hydrogen and Helium
atoms.
5. Temperature become cool enough for
hydrogen and helium atoms to
completely form.
6. Photons escaped and the light existed
for the very first time.
 THEORIES
BIG BANG THEORY

7. Start and galaxies began to form as

Hydrogen and Helium coalesce with the
aid of gravity.
8. Universe transitioned from light
elements to heavier elements from
supernova as the temperature cooled
down.
9. This made solid particles, in the form
of nebula, to exist.
 THEORIES
BIG BANG THEORY

10. These nebulae would later on the

form the star system and planets known
today.
Origin of the Solar
System and
Extrasolar Planets
Encounter Hypothesis

-about 5 Gya, a rogue star passed close

to the sun and stripped materials (hot
gases) from both the sun and rogue star.

- Hot gases continued to spin in the

same direction as the sun, and
coalesced into smaller lumps which
formed the planets.
Nebular Hypothesis

-states that that the entire Solar System

starts as a large cloud of gas that
contracted due to self-gravity.
The Solar Nebula Hypothesis
Basis of modern theory
of planet formation:

• Planets form at the

same time from the
same cloud as the
star.

• Planet formation sites

can be observed
today as dust disks of
T Tauri stars.

• The sun and our solar

system formed ~5
billion years ago.
Protoplanet Hypothesis

- Built on the main concepts of nebular

hypothesis
- Added the concepts based on new
knowledge on fluids and states of
matter.
Protoplanet Hypothesis

- According to this, the solar system

began with the fragment from the
interstellar cloud composed mainly of
hydrogen, helium and trace amounts
of the light elements.
 CAPTURE THEORY

M. M.
Woolfson
CAPTURE THEORY
CAPTURE THEORY
FISSION THEORY
FISSION THEORY
ACCRETION THEORY
ACCRETION THEORY
PLANETARY COLLISION
THEORY
STELLAR COLLISION
THEORY
STELLAR COLLISION
THEORY
GAS CLOUD THEORY