UNIVERSE

AND
SOLAR
SYSTEM PREPARED BY:
ROCHELLE ANN S. SARIO
 LEARNING TARGETS
• describe the historical
development of the theories that
explain the origin of the universe;
and
• compare the different hypotheses
explaining the origin of the solar
system.
ACTIVITY: RELIGIOUS OR SCIENTIFIC?

The following image shows, describes and

explains the origin of the universe. Identify
whether the image shows religious or
scientific cosmology.

COSMOLOGY – branch of astronomy that

involves the origin and evolution of the
universe.
RELIGIOUS
 SCIENTIFIC
• KAHAH
RELIGIOUS
SCIENTIFIC
RELIGIOUS
 ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
• RELIGIOUS COSMOLOGY – an
explanation of the origin, evolution and
eventual fate of the universe from a
religious perspective.

• SCIENTIFIC COSMOLOGY – the study of

the universe through astronomy and
physics.
 RELIGIOUS
COSMOLOGY
Christian Cosmology
The Bible states that
the creation of the
entire cosmos
(universe) took six
days. The Biblical
creation story tells
that God is the author
of creation.
• KAHAH
BUDDHIST COSMOLOGY
According to Buddhist
beliefs, existence of
the universe is
dependent upon the
action or karma of its
inhabitants – if all the
beings were to
disappear, the world
disappears with them.
ISLAMIC COSMOLOGY
The Islamic view of
the origin of the
universe is one
where God created
the universe,
including Earth’s
physical
environment and
human beings.
HINDU COSMOLOGY
The Hindu believe
that creation is
timeless; it has no
beginning. The
universe is created,
destroyed, and
reverted in an
eternally repetitive
series of cycles.
 SCIENTIFIC
COSMOLOGY
 Scientific cosmology began in 1915
with the development of the general
theory of relativity published by Albert
Einstein (1879-1955), followed by a
major discovery by Edwin Hubble
(1889-1953). Hubble announced that
the universe contained a number of
external galaxies other than Milky
Way, and he observed that the
universe was continuously expanding.
STEADY STATE THEORY

Proposed that the universe is

unchanging in time and is
uniform in space.
BIG BANG THEORY
According to the big bang
theory, about 13.7 billion years
ago, there was a rapid
expansion. The event hurled
matter and energy – even
space and time – in all
directions in the universe. At
the center of this event, all
matter and energy were
contained in a compact point
called singularity.
INFLATION THEORY
A theory according to which the
universe underwent extremely
rapid expansion after an
original event called the big
bang, and has been expanding
ever since. The basic
homogeneity in the distribution
of matter in the universe was
established as a consequence
of the first phase of inflation.
STRING THEORY
The assembly of particle type is
replaced by a fundamental
building block called a string,
with dimensions confined to
Planck length. The string may
come into two forms: closed or
open. The strings are free to
vibrate at different modes. The
different vibrational modes
may represent the different
particle types – electron,
photon, or even a graviton.
M-THEORY
The origin of the
universe occurred as a
result of the contact of
two hyperdimensional
branes (Branes are two
and 5 dimensional
objects to which strings
can attach at one or
both their ends.
 ORIGIN
OF THE
SOLAR SYSTEM
GALAXY
A galaxy is defined as a
gravitationally-bound
system of stars, stellar
remnants, interstellar gas
and dust, and dark
matter. The Milky way
galaxy is one of many
galaxies found in the
universe.
 Features of the Solar System

• The planetary orbits are nearly circular.

The elliptical orbits depart only slightly
from being a perfect circle.
• The orbits of all planets are almost in
the same plane. This means that the
Solar System is almost flat.
 Features of the Solar System
• All planets revolve around the sun in
counterclockwise direction.
• All planets except Venus and Uranus
rotate on their own axis in
counterclockwise manner.
• The distances of the planets from the
sun can be expressed in simple
relationship called Bode’s Law.
 EARLY
THEORIES
(ORIGIN OF THE
SOLAR SYSTEM)
VORTEX THEORY

According to Rene
Descartes, the
whirlpool-like motion
of pre-solar materials
eventually created the
planets.
ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS
George Louis Leclerc
Buffon proposed that the
planets were formed by
the collision of the sun
with giant comet. The
resulting debris formed
into planets that rotate
in the same direction as
they revolve around the
sun.
NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS
Immanuel Kant and
Pierre Simon Laplace
proposed that a great
cloud gas and dust
called nebula collapse
because of
gravitational pull.
 THE SOLAR NEBULAR MODEL

Based on the solar nebular model, the solar

system was formed around 4.55 Ga, when
interstellar materials in a spiral arm of the Milky
way galaxy underwent several stages: collapse
cloud, formation of planetesimals and
protoplanets, formation of the planets.
TERRESTRIAL PLANETS

JOVIAN PLANETS
 TWO KINDS OF PLANETS
• TERRESTRIAL - are the four innermost planets in
the solar system.(Mercury, Venus, Earth, and
Mars). Characteristics includes liquid heavy-metal
core, at least one moon, and valleys, volcanoes,
and craters.

• JOVIAN - The giant planets of the outer solar

system. (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) 
Jovian planets are all massive, have many moons,
ring systems, extreme storms, high force winds,
and relatively short rotations.
 Formation of Terrestrial Planets
Condensation
Formation of
of gases to Accretion
form rocky clumps from
particles rocky particles of clumps

Growth of Formation of
Formation of planetesimals planetesimals
Terrestrial to limiting to form
Planets size clumps
 Formation of Jovian Planets

Condensation
Formation of
of gases to Accretion
form icy clumps from
particles icy particles of clumps

Formation of
Formation of Accretion of planetesimals
Jovian planetesimals to form
Planets clumps
THE OORT CLOUD
A region of a large
cloud of icy materials
and rocks exists far
beyond the sun and
planets, named after
Dutch astronomer Jan
Hendrik Oort (1990-
1992).
THE OORT CLOUD
It extends around 750
billion km from the sun
to the edge of the Solar
system beyond orbit of
Neptune. Most of the
objects in this region
are composed mainly
of rock, ice, ammonia,
and methane.
 KUIPER BELT

• Located 4.5 billion km from the sun

• a region of the Solar system beyond the
planets, extending from the orbit of
Neptune
 THANK YOU
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