Theories on the origin of the universe

GENESIS

GOD SEPARATED LIGHT FROM DARKNESS

And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.
God saw that the light was good, and He separated the
light from the darkness. God called the light "day," and
the darkness he called "night." And there was evening,
and there was morning—the first day. Leucippus and Democritus

The first proponents of an atomic theory were the

Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus who
proposed the following model in the fifth century B.C. 1.
Matter is composed of atoms separated by empty
space through which the atoms move.

RIGVEDA

"Cosmos" is just another word for universe, and

"cosmology" is the study of the origin, evolution and
fate of the universe. Some of the best minds in history -
both philosophers and scientists - have applied
themselves to an understanding of just what the
universe is and where it came from, suggesting in the
process a bewildering variety of theories and ideas, Stoic philosophers
from the Cosmic Egg to the Big Bang and beyond. Here
are some of the main ones, in approximate In the Stoic view, the universe is like a giant living body,
chronological order with its leading part being the stars and the Sun, but in
which all parts are interconnected, so that what
happens in one place affects what happens elsewhere.

Rene Descartes

ANAXAGORAS

Primordial Universe theory by Anaxagoras

Anaxagoras, in contrast, proposed that the universe
was made up of a substance that could be divided
infinitely, or forever. "Other things include a portion of
everything, but mind is infinite and self-powerful and
mixed with nothing … over all that has life, both greater
and less, mind rules."
Descartes argued the theory of innate knowledge and
that all humans were born with knowledge through the
higher power of God. It was this theory of innate
knowledge that was later combated by philosopher
John Locke (1632–1704), an empiricist. Empiricism
holds that all knowledge is acquired through
experience.

Isaac Newton
Newton's Law of Acceleration: Force is equal to the
change in momentum (mV) per change in time. For a
constant mass, force equals mass times acceleration
[expressed in the famous equation F = ma]. Newton's
Law of Action and Reaction: For every action, there is
an equal and opposite reaction.
Albert Einstein
The special theory of relativity, first described by Albert
Einstein, was merely a statement of the realization that
we were wrong distances in space and time are actually
relative. They change depending on how fast you're
moving.
Edwin Hubble
Hubble's Law basically states that the greater the
distance of a galaxy from ours, the faster it recedes. It
was proof that the Universe is expanding. It was also
the first observational support for a new theory on the
origin of the Universe proposed by Georges Lemaitre:
the Big Bang.
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson
The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is the
cooled remnant of the first light that could ever travel
freely throughout the Universe. This 'fossil' radiation,
the furthest that any telescope can see, was released
soon after the 'Big Bang'. Scientists consider it as an
echo or 'shockwave' of the Big Bang.
Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaitre
After Hubble’s demonstration of the continuously
expanding universe in 1929 (and especially after the
discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation by
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson in 1965), some
version of the Big Bang theory has generally been the
mainstream scientific view. The theory describes the
universe as originating in an infinitely tiny, infinitely
dense point (or singularity) between 13 and 14 billion
years ago, from where it has been expanding ever
since. The essential statement of the theory is usually
attributed to the Belgian Roman Catholic priest and
physicist Georges Lemaître in 1927 (even before
Hubble’s corroborating evidence), although a similar
theory had been proposed, although not pursued, 1922
by the Russian Alexander Friedmann in 1922.
Friedmann actually developed two models of an
expanding universe based on Einstein’s general
relativity equations, one with positive curvature or
spherical space, and one with negative curvature or
hyperbolic space.

Fred Holye and Thomas Gold and Herman Bondi. Andrei Linde

Despite coining the term 'Big Bang' to describe the
theory that the cosmos was created by a huge
explosion 12 000 million years ago, Hoyle refused to
accept its authenticity. Instead, he advocated that the
Universe had no beginning, and that new galaxies
formed in the gaps as others moved apart.
Linde's theory goes further. It proposes that our
universe is necessarily one of a vast number of
universes, each of which is constantly and randomly
spawning new universes in an unending chain of
cosmic creation, extending into the future for eternity.

Alan Guth Hugh Everett and Bryce Dewitt.

Inflation was first proposed by Alan Guth in 1979 while
investigating the problem of why no magnetic
monopoles are seen today; he found that a positive-
energy false vacuum would, according to general
relativity, generate an exponential expansion of space
The fox can reach the grapes, he argues, with the
many-worlds theory. Originated by US physicist Hugh
Everett in the late 1950s, this envisions our Universe as
just one of numerous parallel worlds that branch off
from each other, nanosecond by nanosecond, without
intersecting or communicating.

Paul Steinhardt and Niel turok

More specifically, this model proposes a universe in

which the evolution of the universe is cyclic. That is to
say, the universe goes through periods of evolution
from hot to cold, from dense to under-dense, from hot
radiation to the structure we see today, and eventually
to an empty universe.
Types of galaxy

Spiral galaxy

Spiral galaxies form a class of galaxy originally

described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work The
Realm of the Nebulae[1] and, as such, form part of the
Hubble sequence. Most spiral galaxies consist of a flat,
rotating disk containing stars, gas and dust, and a
central concentration of stars known as the bulge.
These are often surrounded by a much fainter halo of
stars, many of which reside in globular clusters.
Irregular

An irregular galaxy is a galaxy that does not have a

distinct regular shape, unlike a spiral or an elliptical
galaxy. Irregular galaxies do not fall into any of the
regular classes of the Hubble sequence, and they
are often chaotic in appearance, with neither a
nuclear bulge nor any trace of spiral arm structure

Elliptical

An elliptical galaxy is a type of galaxy with an

approximately ellipsoidal shape and a smooth,
nearly featureless image. They are one of the four
main classes of galaxy described by Edwin Hubble
in his Hubble sequence and 1936 work The Realm
of the Nebulae, along with spiral and lenticular
galaxies

Peculiar

A peculiar galaxy is a galaxy of unusual size,

shape, or composition.Between five and ten
percent of known galaxies are categorized as
peculiar. Astronomers have identified two types of
peculiar galaxies: interacting galaxies and active
galactic nuclei.
The solar system

Sun

The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar

System. It is a nearly perfect ball of hot plasma,
heated to incandescence by nuclear fusion
reactions in its core, radiating the energy mainly as
light, ultraviolet, and infrared radiation. It is the
most important source of energy for life on Earth.

Earth, our home planet, is a world unlike any other. The

third planet from the sun, Earth is the only place in the
known universe confirmed to host life.

With a radius of 3,959 miles, Earth is the fifth largest

planet in our solar system, and it's the only one known
for sure to have liquid water on its surface. Earth is also
unique in terms of monikers. Every other solar system
planet was named for a Greek or Roman deity, but for
at least a thousand years, some cultures have
described our world using the Germanic word “earth,”
which means simply “the ground.”
All planets

Mercury is the smallest planet in the Solar System

and the closest to the Sun. Its orbit around the Sun
takes 87.97 Earth days, the shortest of all the Sun's
planets.

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the

second-smallest planet in the Solar System, being
larger than only Mercury. In the English language,
Mars is named for the Roman god of war.

Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is

named after the Roman goddess of love and
beauty. As the brightest natural object in Earth's
night sky after the Moon, Venus can cast shadows
and can be visible to the naked eye in broad
daylight

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the

largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a
mass more than two and a half times that of all the
other planets in the Solar System combined, but
slightly less than one-thousandth the mass of the
Sun.
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the
second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It
and a half times that of Earth. It has only one-eighth
the average density of Earth; however, with its
larger volume, Saturn is over 95 times more
Asteroids and comets are considered remnants.
Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. Its name
is a reference to the Greek god of the sky, Uranus,
who, according to Greek mythology, was the great-
grandfather of Ares, grandfather of Zeus and father
of Cronus. It has the third-largest planetary radius
and fourth-largest planetary mass in the Solar
System
Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun and the
farthest known solar planet. In the Solar System, it
is the fourth-largest planet by diameter, the third-
most-massive planet, and the densest giant planet.
It is 17 times the mass of Earth, and slightly more
massive than its near-twin Uranus
Asteroid and comets
An asteroid is a minor planet of the inner Solar
System. Sizes and shapes of asteroids vary
significantly, ranging from 1-meter rocks to a dwarf
planet almost 1000 km in diameter; they are metallic
or rocky bodies with no atmosphere
A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that,
when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins
to release gases, a process that is called
outgassing. This produces a visible atmosphere or
coma, and sometimes also a tail.
Earth system
Lithosphere

The lithosphere is the solid, outer part of Earth. The

lithosphere includes the brittle upper portion of the
mantle and the crust, the outermost layers of Earth's
structure. It is bounded by the atmosphere above and
the asthenosphere (another part of the upper mantle)
below.

Biosphere

The biosphere, also known as the ecosphere, is the

worldwide sum of all ecosystems. It can also be termed
the zone of life on Earth. The biosphere is virtually a
closed system with regard to matter, with minimal
inputs and outputs.

Atmosphere

An atmosphere is a layer of gas or layers of gases

that envelope a planet, and is held in place by the
gravity of the planetary body. A planet retains an
atmosphere when the gravity is great and the
temperature of the atmosphere is low

LIFE ESSENTIALS

Presence of water

About 71 percent of the Earth's surface is water-

covered, and the oceans hold about 96.5 percent of
all Earth's water. Water also exist in the air as water
vapor, in rivers and lakes, in icecaps and glaciers,
in the ground as soil moisture and in aquifers, and
even in you and animals. Water is never sitting still.
Hydrosphere
Only Earth composed of water. Water support the
The hydrosphere is the combined mass of water existence of life on earth
found on, under, and above the surface of a planet,
minor planet, or natural satellite. Although Earth's
hydrosphere has been around for about 4 billion
years, it continues to change in shape.
Source of heat
A heat source is anything that can heat up. Heat
sources can be external or internal. External heat
sources include: the sun, reflected sunlight from planets
and moons. Here are some of heat sources; solar
energy, geothermal energy, biomass and fossil fuels.
This sources of heat support the life existence of the
earth.
Presence of atmosphere
Earth's atmosphere is composed of about 78 percent
nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, 0.9 percent argon and 0.1
percent other gases. Trace amounts of carbon dioxide,
methane, water vapor, and neon are some of the other
gases that make up the remaining 0.1 percent. The
atmosphere does not only contain the oxygen we need
to live, but it also protects us from harmful ultraviolet
solar radiation. It creates the pressure without which
liquid water couldn't exist on our planet's surface. And it
warms our planet and keeps temperatures habitable for
our living Earth.
The perfect distance from the sun
The distance Earth orbits the Sun is just right for water
to remain a liquid. This distance from the sun is called
habitable zone, or the Goldilocks zone. Our world orbits
the sun at just the right distance, not too hot, not too
cold. Rocky exoplanets found in the habitable zone
of their stars, are more likely targets for detecting
liquid water on their surfaces. The right distance
from the sun protected us from harmful solar
radiation by its magnetic field.
Active plate tectonics
All the tectonic plates are constantly moving very
slow around the planet, but in many different
directions. Some are moving toward each other,
some are moving apart, and some are sliding past
to each other. Because of these differences,
tectonic plate boundaries are grouped into three
main types. If all plate motion stopped, Earth would
be a very different place. And it will affect all the
living organisms on earth.
Different internal structures
All organisms, or living things, have external structures.
'External' means 'outer.' A plant's external structures
include roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. Meanwhile,
most animals have a body, arms, legs, and a head.
External structures are what you see on the outside.
But, do you know what's inside?
The internal structures are the inner pieces and parts
that keep organisms alive, help them grow, and help
them reproduce. Here, we will learn about some basic
internal structures of both plants and animals and the Each planet in our solar system rotates on its axis. So,
functions of those internal structures. each planet has a North and South Pole, the points
where an axis meets the planet's surface.

Presence of the moon

The brightest and largest object in our night sky, the

Moon makes Earth a more livable planet by moderating
our home planet's wobble on its axis, leading to a
relatively stable climate. It also causes tides, creating a
rhythm that has guided humans for thousands of years.
The Moon was likely formed after a Mars-sized body
collided with Earth.

Tilt of the axis

An axis is an invisible line around which an object

rotates, or spins. The object can be a tiny particle,
smaller than a single atom. Or it could be a star with the
mass of a thousand suns.

In either case, an object's axis runs through its center of

mass, or barycenter. An object's center of mass is a
point where an outside force acting on the object acts
as if the object were located at just that point—where
the object appears "balanced." Earth's center of mass
actually varies. Ocean tides shift the center of mass,
although not enough to radically shift the planet's axis.