Beyond Hubble

BY:- BRITI MEHTA & NAMAN MOHAN PAUL

DPS GR. NOIDA
Shaping of a Brilliant
Mind
Life of Hubble

 American astronomer who played a vital role in the

establishment of extragalactic astronomy and observational
cosmology.
 He was a gifted athlete who had rose to the rank of
lieutenant colonel in WW1.
 His father wanted him to study law but at 28 he started
studying astronomy at University of Chicago.
 He also wrote two books:-
 The Observational Approach to cosmology &
 The Realm Of Nebulae
Discoveries And Work
 Island Universe

 Edwin Hubble used the Hooker telescope at Mount Wilson while he worked
there.
 With its help Hubble identified 15 Cepheid variables in the Andromeda
Nebula within a year.
 Cepheid Variables Helped Hubble to calculate the distance of the
Andromeda Nebula from Earth.
 Using Harlow Shapley’s measurement of Milky way galaxy he concluded
that there are many galaxies in the universe other than their own.
 Hubble stated that this(Andromeda nebula) and other Nebulae far away
were a Galaxy on their own, and this theory came to be know as "island
universe."
 Hubble Sequence

 Hubble also devised the most commonly used

system for classifying galaxies, grouping them
according to their appearance in
photographic images.
 He arranged the different groups of galaxies
in what became known as the Hubble
Sequence.
 Hubble ‘s Law

 Hubble’s law is the is a name given to the observations made by Edwin

Hubble related to physical cosmology.
 In this he observed the redshift in the light coming from the objects in deep
space and found that the galaxies appear to recede from us.
 This theory then became the root to the theory of Big Bang.
 The motion of astronomical objects due solely to this expansion came to be
known as the Hubble flow.
 The law can be stated as follows :
V=D H0
where v is receding velocity of galaxy(km/sec), h0 is hubble’s constant and D is
current distance to the galaxy(mega parsec).
 Expanding space is a little bit like rising raisin bread;
from the point of view of any single raisin all the other
raisins move away from it as the bread expands.
The Enlightenment
 Sir Isaac Newton

 Isaac Newton is one of the most

renowned scientist of his time and an
inspiration for the generations to come.
 He proposed that the universe and all the
objects in it were static with its stars
suspended motionlessly in a vast void.
 When Hubble discovered that the
galaxies where receding from earth he
proved Newton’s theory wrong.

Sir Isaac Newton

 Albert Einstein

 Albert Einstein was the creator of a pillar of modern

physics. He is well known for his theory of Relativity and
Mass-Energy Equivalence (E = mc2 ).
 Yet success is only achieved by learning from failure.
 When Einstein applied his theory of general relativity to
the universe as a whole he found that space-time would
be wrapped and curved back on making the matter,
shrinking uncontrollably under its own gravity. This would
coincided with the Newtonian theory of static universe.
For this he posited a counteracting force of cosmic
repulsion.
 When Hubble’s Law was published, Einstein called it the
“biggest blunder” he ever made. Albert Einstein
 Georges Lemaitre
 The only difference between Hubble’s theories and Lemaitre’s
theories was that Lemaitre did not get much of popularity. The
two main reasons where:
 The paper in which Lemaitre published his report was not
read a lot by people outside Belgium.
 Hubble was a citizen of USA so he got easy fame in the
west
 Lemaitre was the first to propose the expansion of the universe
and also to calculate what is now know as the Hubble’s
constant.
 Lemaitre also carry forward the idea of Big Bang Theory in Georges Lemaitre
which he said that the universe came into existence from a
primeval atom.
 Alexander Friedmann

 Alexander Friedmann was a Russian cosmologist

and mathematician, who helped develop models
that explained the development of the universe.
 He worked on Einstein’s theory of general relativity
and formulated a set of equations now known as
the Friedmann Equations .
 These equations governed the theory of
expanding universe for which he is well known.
 Alexander was the first to give the theory of
expanding universe but it was Hubble who had
proven this theory. Alexander Friedman
Thank You
Redshift and Blueshift

If the sun were racing away from us at an

enormous speed, its light would be
shifted to the red end of the spectrum.

If a star is moving closer to us, the light it

gives off gets squeezed together, which
makes it appear bluer than it actually is.
If the star is moving away from us, the
light gets stretched out, which makes it
appear more red than it really is. If the
star is also going faster all the time, or
accelerating, this effect is even greater.