FORMATION

OF THE
UNIVERSE
COSMOLOGY ASTRONOMY
explains the
Science of
beginning of the
universe based on the positioning and
1. present physical navigation
2. chemical
properties

1. Big Bang Theory,

2. The Cosmic Inflation
Theory
3. Steady State Theory.
 The Big Bang Theory
• It is not an explosion but rather an
expansion.
• the top prevailing cosmological
model for the early development of
the universe.

Cosmic Microwave Background

(CMB)
A thermal radiation used in
observation cosmology; it is
considered as the oldest light
The Big Bang Theory
 The Big Bang Theory
The universe started as a dense and hot planet (5.5 billion degrees
Celsius). The universe is filled with a uniform glow from a white fog of
hydrogen. The universe contained protons, neutrons and electrons.

The universe expanded and cooled because of expansion. The particles

either combined or decayed.

Over time those particles created neutral atoms which allowed the light
(CMB) to pass through.
 The Cosmic Inflation Theory

• states that the early universe was

Proposed by Alan a rapidly expanding bubble of
Guth and Andrei pure vacuum energy.
Linde in the
1980s. It did not have any matter or radiation.
After the expansion and cooling due to
inflation, the potential energy was
converted into kinetic energy of matter
and radiation. Then a Big Bang
occurred. Seconds after the explosion,
matter begun to clump together. The
universe continued to expand up to the
present time.
The Cosmic Inflation Theory
• It became accepted because it
answered many puzzles that arose in
the Big Bang Theory.
– The Homogeneity of Objects in Space
– Flatness of Smoothness of the Universe.
The Steady State Theory
• It states that the universe is
always expanding.
• It also states that the new matter
is constantly formed as the
universe continues to expand.
 The Steady State Theory
-proposed by Sir • However, quasars and
James Jeans and radio galaxies were
was revised by Sir found a long way from
Fred Hoyle, Sir the sun at distant
Hermann Bondi and
places at far
Thomas Gold in
1948. distances,; it
disproved the idea
that similar bodies are
found and created
everywhere.
Formation of
the Solar
System
 The Solar System
A star system, also called a
stellar system is a small
number of stars that orbit each
other.
The Earth belongs to
the Solar System, a
star system with the
Sun (a star) at the
center.
 The Nebular Hypothesis
Immanuel Kant and Pierre – Simon
Laplace in the 18th century.
rotating cloud of gas - or
nebula of extremely hot gases.
gas cooled and became smaller
it rotated faster, casting off rings of
as and forming disk-like shape
The disk – like shaped continued to shrink,
these rings condensed into planets and
satellites.
The remaining part of the
nebula became the sun.
The Nebular Hypothesis
The Planetisimal Theory
- proposed by
Viktor Safronov
and was • It states that in the
developed by early period of the
T.C. Chamberlin
and F.R. solar system, planets
Moulton. were formed from
the accretion of
small space bodies.
The Planetisimal Theory
 The Tidal Theory
- developed by
- a star passed close to the sun
James Jeans where the tidal force or the
and Sir Harold secondary effect of
Jeffreys in gravitational pull between the
1917 sun and the passing star drew
large amounts of matter out of
the sun and the passing star.
The drawn out matter quickly
cooled to become solid bodies
called planetisimals.
The Tidal Theory