EARTHQUAK

E HAZARDS
 Earthquake hazards include any
physical phenomenon associated
with an earthquake that may
produce adverse effects on human
activities. 
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND SHAKING

 isthe most familiar effect of earthquakes.

It is a result of the passage of seismic
waves through the ground, and ranges
from quite gentle in small earthquakes to
incredibly violent in large earthquakes
 Inthe 27 March 1964 Alaskan earthquake, for
example, strong ground shaking lasted for as
much as 7 minutes! Buildings can be damaged
or destroyed, people and animals have trouble
standing up or moving around, and objects can
be tossed around due to strong ground shaking
in earthquakes.
 However, you should note that, while many
people are killed in earthquakes, none are
actually killed directly by the shaking -- if you
were out in an open field during a magnitude
9 earthquake, you would be extremely scared
but your chance of dying would be zero or
near it.
 It
is only because we persist in building
buildings, highways, and the like that
people are killed; it's our responsibility,
not the earthquake's.
 Below is an image of the Cypress viaduct which was
part of Interstate 880 in Oakland, CA. The upper
level of the two-level structure has collapsed onto the
lower level as a result of failure of the support
columns. The columns failed partially in response to
ground shaking from the 17 October 1989 Loma
Prieta earthquake amplified by loose sediments near
the Oakland waterfront. 41 people were killed in the
collapse.
 Below is an image from the Marina District in San
Francisco. The Marina District is built on Bay mud
which was pumped onto the San Francisco waterfront
for the 1915 Pan-American Exposition. This fill both
underwent liquefaction (see below) and considerably
amplified ground shaking from the Loma Prieta
earthquake. These factors together led to the collapse of
many houses and apartment buildings in the Marina
District.
GROUND RUPTURE
 Ground rupture is another important effect of
earthquakes which occurs when the
earthquake movement along a fault actually
breaks the Earth's surface.  Any structure
built across the fault is at risk of being torn
apart as the two sides of the fault slip past
each other.
The fault rupture in the 1999 Chi Chi Earthquake in
Taiwan under the Bei-fung Bridge lifted the upper stream by 5
to 6 meters (15 to 20 feet) and created a new waterfall. This scarp
and the one across the school track below are typical of large 
reverse thrust earthquakes.
LIQUEFACTION
 Liquefaction and subsidence of the ground are
important effects which often are the cause of much
destruction in earthquakes, particularly in
unconsolidated ground.
 Liquefaction is when sediment grains are literally
made to float in groundwater, which causes the soil
to lose all its solidity. Subsidence can then follow
as the soil compacts.  
 Liquefaction in Japan: Tilted apartment buildings at Kawagishi cho, Niigata,
Japan; the soils beneath these buildings liquefied during an earthquake in 1964
and provided little support for the building foundations. These tilted buildings
and liquefaction in this area are probably the most well known examples of
liquefaction and loss of bearing strength. Image and caption by USGS.
EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED
LANDSLIDES
LANDSLIDES
 Landslides, in and of themselves, constitute
a major geologic hazard. They are
widespread damages and cause more than 25
fatalities each year. Landslides are frequently
triggered by strong ground motions.
 The term landslide includes a wide range of ground movement,
such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow debris
flows. However, gravity acting on a steep slope is the primary
reason for all landslides, there are other contributing factors:
•  erosion by rivers, glaciers, or ocean waves create over steepened slopes
•  rock and soil slopes are weakened through saturation by snowmelt or
heavy rains
•  excess weight from accumulation of rain or snow, stockpiling of rock or
ore, from waste piles, or from man-made structures may stress weak
slopes to failure and other structures
TSUNAMI
A tsunami is a series of waves or surges most commonly caused by an earthquake beneath the
sea floor. Tsunamis can cause great loss of life and property damage in coastal areas. Very
large tsunamis can cause damage to coastal regions thousands of miles away from the
earthquake that caused them.

 Seismic sea wave (not a tidal wave)

 Caused when an earthquake causes the ocean floor to rise.

 They are so deadly because they are:

-Very fast (average: 550-880 km/hr)
-Often occur without warning mostly if its from other side of ocean
-Very large (can be over 300 ft. tall)
-Period is long (can be over an hour)
 Below is an image of a tsunami striking the coast in Hilo, Hawaii. This
tsunami was generated by a magnitude 7.8 earthquake in the Aleutian
Islands on 1 April 1946. Here, the tsunami height is about 6 meters (20
feet).
THANK YOU!!!