1.

When most people think of volcanoes, they think of a tall mountain with a crater on the top, maybe a little snow
at the summit and some trees scattered around the base. There are many volcanoes like this, but volcanoes exist
in many other forms as well. Each type of volcano has characteristic features that distinguish it from other types.
Volcanoes differ in appearance because of the composition of their magma and the processes that originally
created them. The tall cone shape you usually think of when you think of a volcano describes a composite
volcano, one common form of volcanoes. Other types of volcanoes include the shield volcano, the cinder cone,
and the super volcano. There are different types of volcanoes based on their size, shape, composition and
eruptive style. Depending on the duration and frequency of their activities, volcanoes can be classified as active,
dormant, or extinct. Super volcano poses the greatest threat to mankind because an eruption from a super
volcano could change life on Earth as we know it for many years. Super volcanoes were not even accepted in
volcanology until this millennium. The eruptions from super volcanoes can be so large that the ash ejected into
the air blocks the Sun and lowers the temperature on the entire planet.
2. Monitoring a volcano requires scientists to use of a variety of techniques that can "hear" and "see" activity
inside a volcano. This includes several types of observations such as earthquakes, ground movement, volcanic
gas, and rock chemistry, and water chemistry, remote satellite analysis on a continuous or near-real-time basis.
Scientists collect data from a wide variety of instrument networks then analyses them to look for out-of-the-
ordinary signals. By comparing the data analysis with similar results from past volcanic events, volcanologists are
able to forecast changes in volcanic activity and determine whether and when a volcano might erupt. And below
the signs of volcanic eruptions:
 An increase in the frequency and intensity of earthquakes
 Noticeable steaming or fumarolic activity and new or enlarged areas of hot ground
 Subtle swelling of the ground surface
 Small changes in heat flow
 Changes in the composition or relative abundances of fumarolic gases

Precautionary measures to lessen the impact of eruption of the volcano:

 If you are indoors when a volcano erupts, find out the latest emergency information and instructions
from radio or television channels or websites.
 Local officials will be able to give the most appropriate advice and as such, follow any evacuation orders
issued by authorities.
 If you are outdoors, seek immediate shelter and stay out of designated restricted zones.
 The Red Cross organization advices against seeking shelter at low-lying areas, areas downwind of the
volcano and river valleys downstream from the volcano as debris and ash will be carried by wind and
gravity.
 Those in the vicinity are urged to wear long sleeved shirts and long pants to protect the skin from falling
ash, wear goggles to protect the eyes and a dust mask to protect against lung irritation.
 In the absence of a dust mask, tie a wet cloth over the nose and mouth.
4. Pelean eruption, such as occurred on the Mayon Volcano in the Philippines in 1968, a large quantity of gas, dust,
ash, and incandescent lava fragments are blown out of a central crater, fall back, and form tongue-like, glowing
avalanches that move downslope at velocities as great as 100 miles per hour. Such eruptive activity can cause
great destruction and loss of life if it occurs in populated areas, as demonstrated by the devastation of St. Pierre
during the 1902 eruption of Mont Pelée on Martinique, Lesser Antilles.