Combining Nd isotopes in monazite and Hf isotopes in zircon to

understand complex open-system processes in granitic magmas

Christopher M. Fisher1*, John M. Hanchar1, Calvin F. Miller2, Stacy Phillips1, Jeffrey D. Vervoort3, and
Martin J. Whitehouse4
1
Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X5, Canada
2
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1805, USA
3
School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
4
Department of Geosciences, Swedish Museum of Natural History, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden

ABSTRACT and relative contributions of potential sources as

Mapping the age and trace element and Sm-Nd isotope compositions of monazite grains well as subsequent processes occurring in mag-
from a peraluminous Cretaceous granite using laser ablation–split stream analysis reveals matic systems. In this paper, we examine trace
a wide range in Nd isotope and rare earth element (REE) compositions within and between element and Nd isotope variations within single
single grains. These data corroborate isotopic variability indicated by Hf isotope analysis of monazite grains. The high Nd content of mona-
zircon in the same granite sample. The REE variations indicate that monazite grew during zite allows us to “map” the surface of polished
fractional crystallization. Hf and Nd isotopes indicate that the granitic magma was generated monazite grains with multiple laser ablation–
from at least two distinct Proterozoic sources of approximately the same age: one component split stream (LASS) analyses; we present exam-
that had highly radiogenic initial 176Hf/177Hf and 143Nd/144Nd and a second component that was ples here with 37–45 spot analyses per monazite
notably less radiogenic. This study highlights the utility of in situ REE and Sm-Nd isotope grain (Table DR1 in the GSA Data Repository1).
data in monazite in magmatic systems. Further, it refines the zircon-based constraints on
magmatic processes because of sensitivity of light REEs to fractional crystallization, lower Application of Isotope “Mapping” to
probability of complications owing to inheritance, and smaller analytical volumes required. Magmatic Systems
The evolution of a magmatic system though
INTRODUCTION ever-finer spatial resolution, providing data to time is potentially recorded by the core-to-rim
The study of geochemical evolution of fel- address these questions that yield compelling composition of a growing crystal. Isotope com-
sic magmas is a fundamental focus of igneous evidence for diverse source materials of evolv- positions of growth zones can identify diverse
petrology (e.g., Bachmann et al., 2007; Villaros ing hybrid magmas. The exceptional refractory source components and incomplete homogeni-
et al., 2012; Clemens et al., 2011; Coleman et qualities of zircon have led to a revolution in zation of magma. For example, the Hf isotope
al., 2012; Walker et al., 2015). Understanding Lu-Hf isotopes studies, as this tracer isotope sys- composition of zircon—and the Nd isotope
this process involves not only constraining the tem can potentially be linked to source age and composition of monazite—record that of the
mechanism of melt generation in varied source character—and combined with elemental and melt from which the crystal grew; any core to
regions in the crust and mantle, but also how oxygen isotope composition—to better under- rim variations thus reflect changing of melts that
magmas are modified by assimilation and dif- stand the generation, emplacement, and evo- hosted that crystal during its growth.
ferentiation during their ascent through the crust. lution of granitic magmas (e.g., Hawkesworth As opposed to typical investigations where
Are such magmas products of single sources in and Kemp, 2006; Kemp et al., 2008). However, only a small number of analyses are done on
the mantle or crust, or are they hybrids with sub- determination of Hf isotope ratios by laser abla- each grain, multi-point analytical grids or tra-
stantial contributions from multiple sources? If tion–multicollector–inductively coupled plasma– verses and mapping of individual crystals pro-
from multiple sources, are these sources in the mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICPMS) typically vides an improved view of petrogenetic process
mantle, crust, or both, and are their composi- requires a laser spot diameter of at least 40 mm to over an extended period of crystal growth. In the
tions primary or a consequence of closed-system achieve useful precision (~1 eHf unit). The typical case of monazite, LASS analyses allow Sm-Nd
fractional crystallization? If they are hybrids small size of zircon crystals (~50–200 mm)— isotope measurements to be determined simul-
derived from multiple sources, is this mixed and even smaller individual growth domains, taneously with U-Pb age and trace element con-
heritage reflected in heterogeneity in elemental as well as the common occurrence of inherited tent (Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, and Eu) using a spot size
and isotopic compositions of whole rocks and cores—commonly preclude the detailed core- of ~20 mm (e.g., Fisher et al., 2011; Gregory et
individual crystals? Finally, if heterogeneity is to-rim traverses that are necessary to constrain al., 2009; Goudie et al., 2014).
apparent, how can it be deconvolved to constrain processes responsible for variability in Hf iso-
source materials and infer post-source process- tope composition. GEOLOGIC BACKGROUND
ing of magma? The Sm-Nd isotope system is complemen- The Sweetwater Wash pluton (SWP), in the
Advances in microanalysis now permit sub- tary to that of Lu-Hf in the study of magmatic Old Woman–Piute batholith in southeastern
mineral–scale determination of both isotope rocks (Vervoort and Patchett, 1996). Minerals
compositions and trace element contents at with high concentration of light rare earth ele- GSA Data Repository item 2017070, analytical
1 

*E-mail: Current address: Department of Earth
and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada; E-mail:
cmfisher@ualberta.ca.
ments (LREEs), like monazite, are common in
granites, where they control Sm-Nd isotope
systematics and REE partitioning in host mag-
mas. Trace element data complement the isotope
information, allowing examination of the nature
methods, geologic map, monazite and zircon U-Pb
concordia plots, monazite elemental (X-ray) maps,
zircon and monazite data tables, whole rock data table,
and monazite standards results, is available online
at www.geosociety.org​/datarepository​/2017 or on
request from editing@geosociety.org.

GEOLOGY, March 2017; v. 45; no. 3; p. 267–270  |  Data Repository item 2017070  | doi:10.1130/G38458.1 |  Published online 9 January 2017
GEOLOGY 
© |  Volume
2017 Geological 45  | ofNumber
Society America. | www.gsapubs.org
3  For permission to copy, contact editing@geosociety.org. 267
California, USA (Fig. DR1 in the Data Reposi-
tory), is part of a belt of strongly peraluminous
Cretaceous plutons that extends through much
of the length of the Cordillera in western North
America (Miller and Barton, 1990). The Old
Woman–Piute batholith intrudes mostly Protero-
zoic metamorphic rocks (ca. 1.8–1.4 Ga) of the
Mojave province. The LREE contents of gran-
ites and monazites of the SWP have been shown
to be controlled, in large part, by crystallization
and removal of monazite from the magma (Wark
and Miller, 1993). The sample chosen for this
study (SW-1) is the least differentiated of all
characterized samples from the pluton and has
the largest accessory mineral content. The rela-
tively well understood differentiation of LREE
in the SWP, combined with Nd and Hf isotope
diversity in its monazite and zircon populations
discussed below, makes it ideal for examining
the Hf and Nd isotope systematics of peralumi-
nous granitic magma.
RESULTS
Zircon
Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of grains
from sample SW-1 show strong evidence for
the presence of inherited zircon in a substan-
tial portion of the population, consistent with
previous SIMS U-Pb investigations (Foster et
al., 1989; Miller et al., 1992). Some grains are
entirely Proterozoic, many have both inherited
cores and younger magmatic rims, and a minor-
ity are entirely Cretaceous (Fig. DR2; Table
DR2). U-Pb age and Hf isotopic compositions
were determined both for inherited cores and for
entirely magmatic grains and rims. The former
was done to document the age and Hf isotope
composition present in the source region, and
the latter to determine the Hf isotope composi-
tions of magma. The inherited zircon cores have
207
Pb/206Pb ages that range from 1710 to 1070
Ma, consistent with the ages of basement rocks
present in the region. When plotted in eHf versus
time space (Fig. 1), the inherited cores define
two distinct groups at ca. 1.7 Ga; one charac-
terized by (juvenile and) highly radiogenic Hf
isotope compositions (eHf = ~+10), and a second
group with significantly less radiogenic Hf (eHf =
~0). Projection of this bimodal source to 73 Ma
gives a possible range of eHf(73Ma) of ~-4 to -27
for a magma that is a mixture of these two end
members (Fig. 1A). The Cretaceous magmatic
zircon grains yield a mean 206Pb/238U age of 72.6
± 1 Ma (mean square of weighted deviates =
4.9, n = 12), in agreement with previous age
estimates of the intrusion based on zircon and
monazite (Kingsbury et al., 1993) and with the
monazite data in the present study.
Magmatic zircon yielded a large range
of eHf(73Ma) (–11 to –17) (Fig. 1B), beyond the
expected reproducibility of a homogeneous zir-
con population but within the range predicted by
|  Volume 45  |  Number 3  |  GEOLOGY
268 www.gsapubs.org 
A 20 depleted mant
le
10
0 .020 ?
177 Hf =
0 176 Lu/
ɛHf
-10
.00
6?
=0
-20 17
7 Hf
Lu/
-30
176
Age (Ma)
0 500 1000
B -10
-12
ɛHf(73 Ma)
-14
-16
-18
206
Pb/238U Age (Ma)
-20
65 70
Figure 1. A: eHf versus age for Proterozoic and
Cretaceous zircon in sample SW-1 (Sweet-
water Wash pluton, southeastern California,
USA). Black diamonds represent inherited
Proterozoic-age zircon, while gray diamonds
denote magmatic (Cretaceous-age) zircon. eHf
is calculated at 207Pb/206Pb age for Proterozoic
zircon and at 73 Ma for Cretaceous magmatic
zircon. Trajectories denote two apparent
trends in source Lu/Hf evident in inherited
zircon cores. B: eHf(73Ma) versus 206Pb/238U age.
the inherited zircon, which are similar in age to
much of the surrounding Proterozoic basement
(Wooden et al., 2012). Moreover, this range is
intermediate between the projected eHf(73Ma) of
the two end members.
Monazite
The U-Pb ages determined for the three mon-
azite crystals studied (grains A, B, and C) sug-
gest that all grew at approximately the same time
(ca. 73 Ma). With the exception of part of grains
A and C, the vast majority of ages are consistent
to within ~2%–3%, with no evidence for Pro-
terozoic U-Pb inheritance (Fig. 2; Fig. DR3).
Contour maps of eNd(73Ma), Ce/Gd, Sm/Nd,
Eu/Eu*, and Y (Fig. 2) in monazite document
the evolution of the melts from which they
grew. Monazite A has little zonation in Ce/Gd,
Sm/Nd, and Eu/Eu* across the analyzed section
of the crystal. Assuming that the large low-Y
region in monazite B represents early growth,
zoning is consistent with growth during frac-
tional crystallization, with increasing Sm/Nd
and decreasing Eu/Eu* and Ce/Gd (indicating
feldspar and monazite crystallization, respec-
tively) (Fig. DR4). Monazite C has a wide range
of REE ratios but uniform eNd(73Ma).
DISCUSSION
The two groups in the eHf versus time plot
(Fig. 1) suggest that the source rocks of the
inherited zircon grains crystallized in the early
Proterozoic, and in the Cretaceous composed a
source region for the SWP with a bimodal dis-
tribution of both radiogenic (initial positive eHf)
and non-radiogenic (initial eHf ~0) crust. The
range of eHf compositions observed in the mag-
matic (Cretaceous) zircon grains (-11 to -17)
demonstrates isotope variability of melts dur-
ing the crystallization of zircon in this sample.
1500 2000 (Fig. 1; Table DR2).
The relative REE concentrations of all
monazite grains in this study are broadly con-
sistent with growth in a fractionally crystalliz-
ing magma. Feldspars have high partition coef-
ficients for Eu, and as they grow, the remaining
melt is progressively depleted in Eu, which can
be assessed by Eu/Eu* (i.e., the europium anom-
aly) in co-crystallizing phases (Schnetzler and
Philpotts, 1970). Monazite has extremely high
75 80 partition coefficients for LREE and commonly
controls evolution of these elements in felsic per-
aluminous melts (e.g., Miller and Mittlefehldt,
1982). As monazite grows, the concentrations of
LREE are reduced in the remaining melt, result-
ing in progressively lower elemental ratios of Ce/
Gd and higher Sm/Nd in monazite growth zones
as crystallization progresses.
The Sm-Nd isotope compositions reveal
monazite growth in open and closed isotopic
systems (Figs. 3A–3C). The Nd isotope com-
positions of grains A and B (eNd calculated at
73 Ma) range from -12 to -20 and -11 to -15
from interior to exterior, respectively, indicating
growth in an open system from an increasingly
less radiogenic melt with time. In contrast, grain
C has uniform eNd(73Ma) of ~-16.5 over a wide
range of REE ratios, as would be predicted for
a grain growing from fractionally crystallizing
magma in a closed system.
The isotopic and elemental patterns recorded
in monazite from sample SW-1 define two dis-
tinct arrays: a horizontal array with constant
eNd(73Ma) and trace element contents suggesting
fractional crystallization, and a vertical array
with a relatively homogeneous Sm/Nd but large
variation in eNd(73Ma) (Fig. 3A). The bulk rock
eNd(73Ma) composition of -15.8 is in agreement
with the composition defined by isotopically
homogeneous monazite C and the outer part
of monazite B (Table DR3). Based on grains B
and C, this suggests that, as magma increments
accumulated, mixed, and crystallized, eNd(73Ma) of
the initially diverse melts converged on the mean
value of ~-15 to -16. Conversely, the nearly ver-
tical array in eNd(73Ma) versus Sm/Nd observed in
grain A suggests that it may be an early-formed
grain that crystallized in an open system domi-
nated by non-radiogenic Nd isotope composition.
Constraints on the Origin of the
Sweetwater Wash Pluton
Monazite and zircon analyses reveal that the
SWP magma was not isotopically homogeneous
throughout its crystallization but rather evolved
 through time. At least two magma sources are
evident in the generation of the pluton, one non-
radiogenic with a minimum eNd(73Ma) of ~-19 and
the other more radiogenic with a maximum of
BSE ~-11 (Fig. 3A). The less-radiogenic signature
could reflect substantial juvenile contribu-
tion from enriched lithospheric mantle, which
is known to have contributed to Mesozoic
high and Cenozoic magmatism in this region (e.g.,
Farmer et al., 1989; Gerber et al., 1995; Lee et
Y contents

al., 2001; Wooden et al., 2012).

Our zircon data, however, strongly suggest
that both components are crustal and corre-
low late with recognizable Mojave crustal sources
Grain
G
Gr i A Grain
rai
ain B
ai rain C
Grain
SW1- SW1- (Wooden et al., 2012). The more-radiogenic Nd
-10
-11 grain A grain C component revealed in monazite is most plau-
-12 sibly attributed to the radiogenic Hf source that
-13
-14
is indicated by one population of inherited zir-
ɛNd (73 Ma)

-15 con cores. This component was probably juve-

-16 nile, relatively mafic rock of Proterozoic age.
-17
-18 The non-radiogenic component deduced from
-19 SW1-
ɛNd (73 Ma)
monazite and zircon matches closely the typical,
-20 ɛNd (73 Ma) grain B ɛNd (73 Ma)

0.15 SW1- SW1-

0.14 grain A grain C
0.13
A -7 closed-system FC

mixing
0.12 monazite
monazite FC

0.11 -9 radiogenic source

0.10
-11

cor
ɛNd (73 Ma)
0.09 core

e
0.08 -13 rim
0.07 SW1- bulk
-15
0.06 Sm/144Nd grain B Sm/144Nd magma
147 147
Sm/ Nd
144 147
core
SW1- -17 rim
0.35 SW1-
grain A grain C -19 unradiogenic source
feldspar FC

rim
0.30 147
Sm/144Nd
-21
0.07 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.15
0.25

0.20
B -7 monazite grain A
-9 grain B
core grain C
0.15 -11 whole rock
SW1-
ɛNd (73 Ma)

0.10 Eu/Eu* grain B Eu/Eu* Eu/Eu* -13 rim core

core
48 SW1- SW1- bulk
grain C
-15 magma
44 grain A
WR
monazite FC

40 -17
36 rim
32 -19
28 rim Ce/Gd
-21
24 0 10 20 30 40 50
20
16 C -7 feldspar
12 core
SW1- -9
8 Ce/Gd grain B Ce/Gd Ce/Gd Eu/Eu*=0.61
-11 core
ɛNd (73 Ma)

102 SW1- SW1-

98 grain A grain C -13
U-206Pb age

94 bulk
90 -15 magma
86 core
-17 rim
82 rim
78
74 -19 rim
238

70 Eu/Eu*
66 -21
62 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
58 SW1-
54 UPb age grain B UPb age UPb age Figure 3. eNd(73Ma) versus Sm/ Nd (A), eNd(73Ma) 147 144

versus Ce/Gd (B), and eNd(73Ma) versus Eu/Eu*

Figure 2. Geochemical contour maps of laser ablation split-stream monazite analyses for (C) for whole rock sample and three monazite
three grains selected for detailed study (sample SW-1, Sweetwater Wash pluton, southeastern grains selected for study (Sweetwater Wash
California, USA). First row, backscattered electron (BSE) image of monazite grains showing pluton, southeastern California, USA). Thin
location of 20 mm laser ablation pits; second row, Y elemental maps; third row, eNd(73Ma); fourth arrows denote the general direction of core-
row, 147Sm/144Nd; fifth row, Eu/Eu*; sixth row, Ce/Gd; and seventh row, U-Pb age. See text for to-rim zoning, for each of the three monazite
further explanation. Arrows indicate expected evolution of a closed magmatic system under- grains: Grain A (blue); Grain B(red); Grain C
going fractional crystallization (FC). (green).

GEOLOGY  |  Volume 45  |  Number 3  | www.gsapubs.org 269

relatively felsic, Proterozoic crust of the Mojave
province. LREE elemental ratios in monazite
suggest evolution of the SWP, for at least part
of its history, through closed-system fractional
crystallization of both feldspar and monazite.
This is indicated by the horizontal “fractional
crystallization array” of grains B and C, while
vertical to subvertical arrays represent mixing of
different components (Fig. 3). The wide range
in eNd(73Ma) in the three monazites studied, with
values as low as those typical of Proterozoic
Mojave crust (eNd(73Ma) of -19), demonstrates
both the important role of preexisting crust in
the generation of peraluminous granites and the
potential for some granites to preserve large
ranges in isotope composition as these mag-
matic systems evolve throughout their history.
CONCLUSIONS
The improved resolution provided by small-
spot LASS U-Pb age and Sm-Nd isotope–LREE
“mapping” of single monazite grains demon-
strates both inter- and intra-grain isotope het-
erogeneity in monazites from a peraluminous
granitic rock. Combined with elemental ratios
(Sm/Nd, Ce/Gd, and Eu/Eu*), these data pro-
vide a means of tracking inputs of magma from
isotopically variable sources as well as iden-
tifying fractionation process occurring within
the magmatic system. Based on the Nd isotope
record preserved in monazite and supported by
the complementary Hf isotopic record in zircon,
we suggest that the SW-1 magma was likely
assembled from increments of magma gener-
ated from a multi-component Proterozoic crustal
source that both evolved through time and sub-
sequently experienced fractional crystallization.
These results highlight the potential utility of
in situ, multi-point, core-to-rim studies of REE
and Sm-Nd isotope compositions of accessory
minerals for petrogenetic studies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Rebecca Lam, Ann Westhues, and Sarah Jantzi assisted
in the analyses of the monazite, and their technical
expertise is most appreciated. Sean Mulcahy and Owen
Neill helped with data contouring and provided valu-
able discussion. We thank Lang Farmer, Andy Barth,
and an anonymous reviewer for constructive com-
ments that greatly improved the manuscript, and editor
Brendan Murphy for efficient editorial handling. This
research was supported by an Natural Sciences and
Engineering Research Council of Canada Discov-
ery Grant to Hanchar. This is NordSIMS publication
number 485.
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Manuscript received 9 August 2016
Revised manuscript received 1 December 2016
Manuscript accepted 1 December 2016
Printed in USA