SCIENCE PROJECT

Name: Castorico, Shaira Grace C.

Section: BAED2111-72
ROCK CYCLE
What is rock Processes in rock
cycle ? Types of rocks
cyclce
The rock cycle is a basic concept in geology that describes transitions through geologic
time among the three main rock types sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Each rock type is
altered when it is forced out of its equilibrium conditions. For example, an igneous rock such
as basalt may break down and dissolve when exposed to the atmosphere, or melt as it
is subducted under a continent. Due to the driving forces of the rock cycle, plate tectonics and
the water cycle, rocks do not remain in equilibrium and change as they encounter new
environments. The rock cycle explains how the three rock types are related to each other, and
how processes change from one type to another over time. This cyclical aspect makes rock
change a geologic cycle and, on planets containing life, a biogeochemical cycle.
 Describing rock cycle
• The rock cycle and plate tectonics. The rock
cycle is a basic concept in geology that
describes transitions through geologic time
among the three main rock types: sedimentary,
metamorphic, and igneous. Each rock type is
altered when it is forced out of its equilibrium
conditions.
Types of rocks and their example
 Igneous Rocks
• Igneous rock or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the
others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rock is formed
through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
• The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in either
a planet's mantle or crust. Typically, the melting is caused by one or more
of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a
change in composition. Solidification into rock occurs either below the
surface as intrusive rocks or on the surface as extrusive rocks. Igneous
rock may form with crystallization to form granular, crystalline rocks, or
without crystallization to form natural glasses.
• Igneous rocks occur in a wide range of geological settings: shields,
platforms, orogens, basins, large igneous provinces, extended crust and
oceanic crust.
 Granite
Granite is the best-known igneous
rock. Many people recognize granite
because it is the most
common igneous rock found at
Earth's surface and because granite is
used to make many objects that we
encounter in daily life. These include
counter tops, floor tiles, paving stone,
curbing, stair treads, building veneer,
and cemetery monuments. Granite is
used all around us - especially if you
live in a city.
Pumice
Pumice , called pumicite in its
powdered or dust form, is a
volcanic rock that consists of
highly vesicular rough textured
volcanic glass, which may or
may not contain crystals. It is
typically light colored. Scoria is
another vesicular volcanic rock
that differs from pumice in
having larger vesicles, thicker
vesicle walls and being dark
colored and denser. 
 Obsidian
Obsidian is a naturally
occurring volcanic glass
formed when lava extruded
from a volcano cools rapidly
with minimal crystal growth. It
is an igneous rock. Obsidian is
produced from felsic lava, rich
in the lighter elements such as
silicon, oxygen, aluminium,
sodium, and potassium.
Rhyolite
Rhyolite is an extrusive igneous
rock, formed from magma rich
in silica that is extruded from a
vent to cool quickly on the surface
rather than slowly in the
subsurface. It is generally light in
color due to its low content
of mafic minerals, and it is
typically very fine-grained
(aphanitic) or glassy.
 basalt
Basalt is a dark-colored, fine-grained,
igneous rock composed mainly of
plagioclase and pyroxene minerals. It
most commonly forms as an extrusive
rock, such as a lava flow, but can also
form in small intrusive bodies, such as
an igneous dike or a thin sill. It has a
composition similar to gabbro. The
difference between basalt and gabbro
is that basalt is a fine-grained rock
while gabbro is a coarse-grained rock.
Andesite
Andesite is an extrusive volcanic
rock of intermediate composition.
In a general sense, it is the
intermediate type between basalt
and rhyolite. It is fine-grained
(aphanitic) to porphyritic in
texture, and is composed
predominantly of sodium-rich
plagioclase plus pyroxene or
hornblende.
 Sedimentary rock
are types of rock that are
formed by the accumulation or
deposition
of mineral or organic particles
at Earth’s surface, followed
by cementation. Sedimentatio
n is the collective name for
processes that cause these
particles to settle in place.
Types and examples
Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock
composed primarily of calcium
carbonate in the form of the
mineral calcite. It most commonly
forms in clear, warm, shallow
marine waters. It is usually an
organic sedimentary rock that
forms from the accumulation of
shell, coral, algal, and fecal
debris.
 Sand stone
Sandstone is a sedimentary
rock composed of sand-size
grains of mineral, rock, or
organic material. It also contains
a cementing material that binds
the sand grains together and may
contain a matrix of silt- or clay-
size particles that occupy the
spaces between the sand grains.
shale
 Shale is a fine-grained
sedimentary rock that forms
from the compaction of silt and
clay-size mineral particles that
we commonly call "mud." This
composition places shale in a
category of sedimentary rocks
known as "mudstones." Shale is
distinguished from other
mudstones because it is fissile
and laminated.
 dolomite
Dolomite rock is defined
as sedimentary carbonate rock
composed of more than 50%
mineral dolomite. Dolomite is
characterized by its nearly ideal
1:1 stoichiometric ratio of
magnesium to calcium. It is distinct
from high-magnesium limestone in
that the magnesium and calcium form
ordered layers within the individual
dolomite mineral grains, rather than
being arranged at random, as they are
in high-magnesium calcite grains
conglomorate
Conglomerate is a clastic
sedimentary rock that is composed
of a substantial fraction of rounded
to subangular gravel-size clasts. A
conglomerate typically contain a
matrix of finer grained sediments,
such as sand, silt, or clay, which
fills the interstices between the
clasts. The clasts and matrix are
typically cemented by calcium
carbonate, iron oxide, silica, or
hardened clay.
 travertine
Travertine is a sedimentary rock formed by
the chemical precipitation of calcium
carbonate minerals from fresh water,
typically in springs, rivers, and lakes that is,
from surface and ground waters. In the
broadest sense, travertine includes deposits
in both hot and cold springs, including the
porous, spongy rock known as tufa and also
the cave features known
as speleothems (which
include stalactites and stalagmites). Calcrete
, which is calcium minerals deposited as a
horizon in the soil profile, is not considered
a form of travertine.
Metamorphic rock
Metamorphic rocks started out as
some other type of rock, but have
been substantially changed from
their original igneous ,
sedimentary, or
earlier metamorphic form.
Metamorphic rocks form when
rocks are subjected to high heat,
high pressure, hot mineral-rich
fluids or, more commonly, some
combination of these factors.
 Types and examples
gneiss
Gneiss is a
foliated metamorphic
rock identified by its bands
and lenses of varying
mineral composition. Some
of these bands (or lenses)
contain
granular minerals that are
bound together in an
interlocking texture.
marble
Marble is a metamorphic rock that forms
when limestone is subjected to the heat and
pressure of metamorphism. It is composed
primarily of the mineral calcite (CaCO3)
and usually contains other minerals, such as
clay minerals, micas, quartz, pyrite, iron
oxides, and graphite.
Under the conditions of metamorphism, the
calcite in the limestone recrystallizes to
form a rock that is a mass of interlocking
calcite crystals. A related rock, dolomitic
marble, is produced when dolostone is
subjected to heat and pressure.
 coal
Coal is a combustible black or
brownish-black sedimentary rock,
formed as rock strata called coal
seams. Coal is mostly carbon with
variable amounts of other
elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur,
oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal is
formed when dead plant matter
decays into peat and is converted
into coal by the heat and pressure
of deep burial over millions of
years.
slate
Slate is a fine-grained,
foliated, homogeneous
metamorphic rock derived
from an original shale-type
sedimentary rock composed
of clay or volcanic
ash through low-grade
regional metamorphism. It
is the finest grained foliated
metamorphic rock. 
 quartzite
Quartzite is a nonfoliated
metamorphic rock composed
almost entirely of quartz. It
forms when a quartz-rich
sandstone is altered by the heat,
pressure, and chemical activity
of metamorphism.
Metamorphism recrystallizes the
sand grains and the silica cement
that binds them together.
Schist
Schist is a foliated metamorphic
rock made up of plate-shaped
mineral grains that are large
enough to see with an unaided
eye. It usually forms on a
continental side of a convergent
plate boundary where sedimentary
rocks, such as shales and
mudstones, have been subjected to
compressive forces, heat, and
chemical activity.