Concrete

- Artificial stone made out from the mixture of cement, sand, gravel and water or other inert
materials. AKA “solid mass or plain concrete”

Reinforced Concrete
- Reinforcement is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in
resisting forces.

Cement
- Various hydraulic cement which has been developed.
Portland Cement
- By far the most extensively used in building construction.
Early Strength Portland Cement
- Often recommended in construction that requires and early high strength such as road
concreting, building construction in time of lower temperature.
- This type of cement is somewhat costly but reaches its strength in 3 to 7 days compared
to 7 to 28 days strength of ordinary Portland Cement.

Aggregates
- Inert granular materials such as natural sand, manufactured sand, gravel, crushed gravel,
crushed stone, pebbles, vermiculite, perlite, cinders slag, etc.
- Classified as fine and coarse that forms into concrete when bound together into
conglomerate mass by a matrix of cement paste.
Fine Aggregates
- Smaller than 9 mm in diameter.
Coarse Aggregates
- Over 9 mm in diameter.

Water
- The water intended for the use in concrete mixing shall be clean and free from injurious
amounts of oils, acid, alkali, salts, organic materials or other substances that maybe
deleterious to concrete or steel.

Condition For Maximum Size of Coarse Aggregate

1. It shall easily fit into the form and in-between reinforcing bars
 2. It should not be larger than 1/5 of the narrowest dimension of the forms or 1/3 of the depth
of the slab nor ¾ if the minimum distance between the reinforcing bars.

Type of Concrete and their Weight

1. Light Weight Concrete
2. Medium Stone Concrete
3. Heavy Weight Concrete

Light Weight Concrete

- Classified into three types depending upon the kind of aggregates used in mixing, which
predetermines their weight.
a. Low Density Concrete – Is employed by insulation purposes whose unit weight rarely
exceeds 50 pounds per cubic foot or 800 kg/m3
b. Moderate Strength Concrete – with unit weight 960 to 360 kg per cubic meter with a
compressive strength of 70 to 176 kg per square centimeter is usually used to fill over light
gage steel floor panels.
c. Structural Concrete – Has somewhat same characteristic as that of medium stone
concrete and weights from 90 to 120 pounds per cubic foot or 1440 to 1920 kg/cu.m.

Medium Stone Concrete

- Also known as structural concrete weighing from 145 to 152 pounds per cubic foot
generally assumed to be 150 pounds per cubic foot or 3300 kg/cu.m.

Heavy Weight Concrete

- Is used for shielding against gamma and radiation in nuclear reactor and other similar
structure.
- This is also used to counter weight for a lift bridge.
Weight of Heavy Weight Concrete
The weight of heavy weight concrete depends upon the kind off aggregates used in mixing:
1. Heavy Rock Aggregates – Weighs 200 to 300 pounds per cu. ft. or 3200 kg/cu. M.
2. Iron Punching Added to High Density Ores – 4325 kg/cu. M.
3. Ores and Steel – 330 lb/cu. ft or 5300 kg/cu. m.

Mixing of Concrete
- Process off mixing concrete for building construction is done in two different ways either
on site job-mixing or ready mixed concrete.
- The ACI Building Code so provide that;
“For job-mixed concrete, mixing shall be done in a batch mixer of approved type.
The mixer shall be rotated at a speed recommended by the manufacturer and
mixing shall be continued for at least 1 ½ minutes after all materials are in drum,
 unless shorter time is shown to be satisfactory by the criteria off Specification for
Ready Mixed Concrete for central mixers.
Mixing of concrete shall be done until after a uniform distribution of the materials
has been attained and that the mixture shall be discharged completely before
recharging the mixer.

Ready Mixed Concrete

- Concrete mixture form batching plant is most preferred, because the proportion of the
materials such as cement and aggregates are controlled by weight through a manual or
automatic scale connected to the hoppers.
- It is sustainable and convenient for construction done in a congested city condition.
The ready mixed concrete is batched in a stationary plant then hauled to the site in any of the
following manner:
1. Mixed completely then hauled by truck agitator.
2. Transit mixed-batched at the plant then mixed in truck mixer.
3. Partially mixed at plant and completed in a truck mixer.

Concrete shall be discharged from the truck mixer within 1 1/1 hours after the water is poured
to the batch. Conveying of concrete mixture is done by either:
1. Bottom dump
2. Buckets
3. Wheelbarrows
4. Pumping through steel pipelines
5. Buggies
6. G.I pails
Points to avoid in the placement of concrete to its final form
1. Segregation of particles
2. Displacement of forms
3. Displacement of reinforcement in the form
4. Poor bond between successive layers of concrete

Preparation of Equipment and Depositing

- Concrete mixing requires prior adequate preparation of equipment and materials for the
activities. Sec 5.1 of the ACI Code specifies:
“Before concrete is placed, all equipment for mixing and transporting of concrete
shall be cleaned, all debris and ice shall be removed from the spaces to be
occupied by the concrete, form shall be properly coated, masonry filler units that
will be in contact with the concrete shall be well drenched and the reinforcement
shall be thoroughly cleaned of ice or other deleterious coatings.”
- Water shall be removed from the place of deposit before concrete us placed unless a
tremie is to be used or unless otherwise permitted.
Depositing of Concrete
- Shall be made as early as practicable in its final place to avoid segregation of particles
due to rehandling or flowing. Concrete shall be carried at all times in a plastic from to flow
readily into spaces between the reinforcing steel bars. Concrete that has partially
hardened or that has been contaminated by foreign materials shall not be deposited in the
structure or re tamping or remixing of concrete shall be made after initial setting has started
unless authorized by Supervising Engineer.
o “After concrete is started it shall be carried on as a continuous operation until the
placing of the panel or section is completed. All concrete shall be thoroughly
consolidated by suitable means during placement and shall be thoroughly worked
around the reinforcement and embedded fixtures and into the corner of the forms.”

Segregation
- Segregation of sand and stone from the matrix or paste that causes inferior quality of
concrete. The causes of separation or segregation of aggregates are:
1. Transferring of the concrete from the mixer to the forms
2. Dropping of concrete mixture form high elevation.
3. Improper tamping and spading
4. The use of long chute
5. Excess amount of tamping, vibrating or puddling in the forms
6. Concrete particles tend to segregate because of their dissimilarity
7. Gravel tends to settle and the lighter materials and water also tend to rise inside a
container when delayed in the delivery to the forms
8. Lateral movement such as the flow within the form tends to separate the particles.

Requirements for a Good Quality Concrete

- A premium quality of concrete is not just attained by mixing cement and aggregates, there
are several considerations to be observed in order to produce a good quality of concrete:
1. Strength and Durability – attained from the class of mixture or the right proportion of
cement, aggregate and water.
2. Workability – concrete mixture must be in plastic form and could be readily be placed
in the form.
3. Dense and Uniformity in Quality – concrete must be compact with uniform
distribution in particle in order to be water light.
4. Curing – requires time and favorable temperature and continuous presence off water
or moisture in concrete after pouring.

Factors that Regulate the Strength of Concrete

1. Correct proportion
2. Suitability of quality of the materials
3. Proper methods in mixing
4. Proper placement or depositing of concrete inside the form
5. Adequate protection of concrete during the period of curing
Curing
- The hardening of concrete depends upon the chemical reaction between the cement and
water. Hardening of concrete will continue as long as moisture is present under a favorable
temperature condition. The initial settling of concrete will start at about two or three hours
after the concrete has been mixed. At this stage, concrete shall be properly protected to
prevent craze due to rapid evaporation of moisture. 70% of concrete strength is reached
at the end of the first week and 30% could be lost by premature drying out of the concrete.
The protection of concrete and 3 days for an early high strength Portland cement.

Methods of Curing Surface Concrete are:

1. Covering of the surface with burlap continuously wet for the required period
2. Covering of the slab with a layer of wet sand or saw dust 1” or 25 mm thick.
3. Wet straw or hay on top of the slab continuously wet/
4. Continuous sprinkling water on the slab surface.
5. Avoid early removal of forms this will permit undue evaporation of moisture in the concrete.

Admixture
- A material other than Portland cement, aggregate or water added to concrete to modify its
properties. An admixture is added to concrete served as water repellent, coloring agent,
increased workability, accelerate or retard the settling, harden its surface etc.

The Code on admixture specifies: “The admixture shall be shown capable of maintaining
essentially the same composition and performance throughout the work as the product
used in establishing concrete proportions. Admixture containing chloride ion shall not be
used in prestressed concrete or in concrete containing aluminum embedment’s if their
used will produce a deleterious concentration of chloride ion in the mixing water.

Concrete Proportion and Water Cement Ratio

- It has been mentioned that concrete proportion and water cement ration plays an
important role in the strength and durability of concrete. There are two methods being
adopted in proportioning concrete mixture: it’s either by volume or by weight measure.

Tests
- Concrete should undergo tests specially those made of various proportions few days or
weeks before the actual construction. The Building Officials has the right to order the
testing of any materials used in concrete construction to determine if the concrete conform
with the quality specified. The complete record of the test shall be maintained and made
accessible for inspection during the progress of the work and for a period of 2 years after
all and shall be preserved by the Inspecting Architect or Engineer for references purposes.

Consistency
- Refer to the state of fluidity mixed concrete.
 1. Slumb Test – this method of test method of test requires a fabricated metal with the
following dimensions

Slumb Test Procedure

1. Place the freshly mixed concrete inside the mould in 3 layers each rodded separately by
16mm rod 25 times.
2. Level the mould and lift at once.
3. Measure the slump action immediately by getting the difference in height between the
height of the mould and the top of the slumped concrete.
4. If the slump measure 10 cm, it is said to be a 10 cm slump.
5. The degree of consistency of concrete could be ascertained on the following table:
Compression Test
- This type of test is the process applied in determining the strength of concrete; the
procedures are as follows
1. For a coarse aggregate not more than 5 cm diameter, prepare a cylindrical specimen 15
cm diameter and 30 cm long.
2. For a coarse aggregate more than 5 cm diameter prepare a cylindrical specimen with a
diameter 3 times the maximum size of the aggregate and a height double its diameter.
3. The mould should be made of metal placed on a plane surface preferable 6 to 12 mm
glass plate.
4. Place the fresh concrete inside the mould in three separate equal layers rodded separately
with 16 mm rod 25 stroke.
5. Level the surface with trowel and cover with a glass or plane steel.
6. After 4 hours, cover the specimen with a thin layer of cement paste and cover again with
the plane metal or glass.
7. After 24 hours, curing shall be made in a moist atmosphere at 21 deg C.
8. Test should be done at 7 to 28 days period.
9. Ascertain that both ends of the specimen are perfectly levelled.
10. Specimen is placed under a testing machine; then a compressive load is applied until the
specimen fails. The load that makes the specimen fail is recorded.
11. The recorded load divided vy cross sectional area of the cylinder gives the ultimate
compressive unit stress of the sample.
STONE

Properties of Stones

1. Structure – The structure of the stone may be stratified (layered) or unstratified.

Structured stones should be easily dressed and suitable for super-structure.
2. Texture – Fined grained stones with homogeneous distribution look attractive and
hence they are used for carving. Such stones are usually strong and durable.
3. Density – Denser stones are stronger. Light-weighted stones are weak. Hence stones
with a specific gravity less than 2.4 are considered unsuitable for buildings.
4. Appearance – a stone with uniform and attractive colour is durable if grains are
compact. Marble and granite get a very good appearance, when polished. Hence, they
are used for the face works in building.
5. Strength – Important property to be looked into before selecting stone as a building
block. Indian standard code recommends, a minimum crushing strength of 3.5 N/mm^2
for any building block.
6. Hardness – It is an important property to be considered when a stone is used for
flooring and pavement. The coefficient of hardness is to be found by conducting a test on
a standard specimen in Dory’s testing machine. For road works coefficient of hardness
should be at least 17. For building works stones with a coefficient of hardness less than
14 should not be used.
7. Wear – it is measured by the attrition test. It is an important property to be considered in
selecting aggregate for road works and railway ballast. A good stone should not show the
wear of more than 2%.
8. Porosity and Absorption – All stones have pores and hence absorb water. The
reaction of water with a material of stone cause disintegration. The absorption on test is
specified as the percentage of water absorbed by the stone when it is immersed
underwater for 24 hours. For a good stone it should be as small as possible and in no
case more than 5.
9. Weathering – rain and wind cause loss of the good appearance of stones. Hence
stones with good weather resistance should be used for face works.
10. Toughness – The resistance to impact is called toughness. It is determined by the
impact test. Stones with toughness index more than 19 are preferred for road works.
Toughness index 13 to 19 are considered medium tough and stones with toughness index
less than 13 are poor stones.
11. Resistance to Fire – Sand-stones resist fire better. Argillaceous materials though
poor in strength, are good in resisting fire.
 12. Ease in Dressing – The cost of dressing contributes to cost of stone masonry to a
great extent. The dressing is easy in stones with lesser strength. Hence an engineer should
look into sufficient strength rather than high strength while selecting stones for a building
works.
13. Seasoning – The stones obtained from the quarry contain moisture in the pores. The
strength of the stone improves of this moisture is removed before using the stone. The
process of removing moisture from the pores is called seasoning. The best way of
seasoning is to allow it to the action off nature for 6 to 12 months. This is very much required
in the case of laterite stones.

Concrete Blocks
- Made with both stone and lightweight aggregates
1. Hollow Load-Bearing Concrete Block – an 8x8x16 will approximately weigh 40 to 50 lb,
made with heavyweight aggregates and 25 to 35 lb, when made in lightweight aggregates.
2. Solid Load Bearing Block – Defined as one having core area of not more than 25 percent
of the gross cross-sectional area.
3. Hollow Non-Load Bearing Concrete Block – One in which the core area exceeds 25
percent of the cross-sectional area.
4. Concrete Building Tile
5. Concrete Bricks

Common size
4x4x16 for non-load bearing partition.
8x8x16 for load bearing wall.

Quality
1. Handmade – backyard industry
2. Machine made – commonly sold
3. Steam cured- manufactured by big and nationally known factories for load bearing walls.
Usually specified for government and multi-storey buildings.
4. Lightweight blocks – when perlite is added aggregate to reduce the weight to almost 50%.

Cast Stone
- Used to stimulate stone from concrete methods
1. By spitting a solid concrete block to expose two rough surfaces.
2. By making a mortar of cement and very high-quality silica sand and casting it in molds
which produces a unit with the face shaped to stimulate chipped sand stone, shale or
slate done either by placing coloring materials on the mold or either by mixing the color
to the mortar.
 3. By mixing granite or marble chips with a mortar made with white cement and cast the
mortar in a mold with a hard, smooth face. When the unit is partially cured, it is grind
off to exposed some stone in the surface, resulting in a terrazzo-like appearance.

Pre-Cast Facing Slab

- Units that can be custom-made any size to fit a particular structure. Facing slabs are pre-
cast with either or lightweight aggregates and fixed to the building by pins or dowels to a
steel frame and by metal strap anchor to a concrete or backup wall.

Cellular Concrete Blocks

- A lightweight block which is outstanding in thermal and sound insulation qualities. The
basic ingredients are cement-made from silica rich sand and lime water, and aluminum
powder. They can be easily cut or sawed to any desired shape with woodworking tools
and are laid up in masonry cement or cement lime mortar. Stucco and plaster can be
applied directly to the face of the block, and other materials may be nailed directly to them.
- Another type of lightweight block is made by mixing chemically treated wood shaving with
cement face and forming the resulting mixture into blocks. Three types are made 1 form
block 2 insulation slab 3 ceiling blocks.

Other Products
1. Decorative and Concrete Blocks – Used for sun baffles and for fences
2. Concrete sewer and culvert pipes
a. Diameter = 4” dia, 6” dia, 8” dia and 24” dia
b. Length = 1.00 meter
This are reinforced except the 4” dia.

Ceramic and Clay Products

Bricks
- The basic ingredient of brick is clay. Clay which has some specific properties it must have
plasticity when mixed with water, so that it can be molded or shaped. It must have sufficient
tensile strength to keep it shape after forming and clay particles must fuse together when
subjected to sufficiently high temperature.
Clay occurs in three principal forms:
1. Surface Clay – Found near the surface of the earth
2. Shale – clay which have been subjected to high pressure until they have become relatively
hard
3. Fire Clay – Are found at deeper levels and usually have more uniform physical and
chemical qualities
4. Cement Tiles – 1”x 8”x 8”
Two Classes of Clay
1. Calcareous clays – contains about 15 percent calcium carbonate and burn to a yellowish
color.
2. Noncalcareous clay – composed of silicate of alumina, with feldspar and iron oxide. These
clays burn buff red or salmon depending on the iron oxide content which vary from 2 to 10
percent.

Brick Texture
- Texture is applied by attachments which cut, scratch, brush roll or roughen the surface or
by applying or spraying glazes on the brick before or after burning.
- Typical ones are 1 ceramic glazed, consisting of spraying a coating of a mixture or mineral
ingredients on one or more surfaces of the bricks. The glaze melts and fuses to the brick
at a given temperature, producing a glass like coating which is available in almost any
color and 2 salt glazes, consisting of a solution of sodium iron silicate. Salt glaze is
transparent so the color of the brick is presented under a lustrous gloss.

Brick Bounds
1. The method of laying bricks in a wall in order to form some distinctive pattern or design is
referred as the pattern bond
2. The method by which the individual units in a brick structure are tied together either by
overlapping or by metal ties known as the structural bond.
3. The adhesion of mortar to bricks or to steel reinforcements used in conjunction with them
is called the mortar bond
Pattern Bond
 Mortar Bond

Structural Clay Tile

- Are hollow unit as opposed to brick which is solid. Tiles are made from the same
materials as brick, but all clay tile are formed by extrusion in the stiff mud process.

Building Stone
- Stones usually blocks or pieces of the basic material rock.

Classification
- Rocks can be divided into three general categories:
1. Igneous – formed as the result of the cooling of molten matter.
2. Sedimentary – formed by the action of water either by depositing minerals at the
bottom of a water body or depositing them on the earth’s surface.
3. Metamorphic – rocks changed from their original structures by the action of extreme
pressure, heat, or various combination off their forces.
Stone used for building purposes also can be classified according to form in which it is available
commercially:
1. Rubble – include rough fieldstone which may merely have been broken into suitable sizes,
or it may include irregular pieces of stone that have been roughly cut to size (usually used
for and filling material) (escombro and tastillas)
2. Dimension (Cut Stone) – consist of pieces that have been cut or finished according to a
set of drawings (for facing of walls)
3. Flagstone (Flat Slab) – consists of thin pieces (1/2 in and up which may or may not have
had their face dimensions cut to some particular size (for walks and floors)).
4. Crushed Rock – stones consisting of pieces varying in size from 3/8 to 6 is used to a
large extent in concreting.

Building Stone
1. Argillite – one formed from clay, commonly dark blue with faint shades of green, used for
floor tiles, stair treads, coping stones, interior wall base, interior window stools of exterior
window skills.
2. Granite – is of igneous origin and composed of quartz, feldspar, homeblende and mica.
It is generally very had, strong durable and capable of taking a high polish. For use in
flooring wall paneling, column and mullion facings, stair treads or flagstone. Come in
colors of red, pink, yellow, green, blue, white and brown.
3. Limestone – is a sedimentary rock which is either oolitic, or calcite cemented calcareous
stone formed of shell fragments, particularly non-crystalline in nature, it has no cleavage
lines and uniform in structure and composition. DOLOMITIC – a limestone which is rich in
magnesium. Carbonate and frequently somewhat crystalline in character and crystalline
limestone – is predominantly composed of calcium or carbonate crystals it has high
compressive and tensile strength. Very low in absorption, and has a smooth texture. The
color is a fairly uniform light gray.
4. Travertine – is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of calcium carbonate. It has been
formed at the earth’s surface through the evaporation of water from hot springs. It is used
as an interior decorative stone because of its pleasing texture and its tendency to how
small, natural pockets on a cut surface.
5. Marble – metamorphic rock, one that has been changed from its original structure in this
case, limestone and dolomite have been crystallized to form marble. Famous types are
carrara parian, numeduam, onyx, Vermont, colors are from yellow, white, shades of gray
to black, violet, red and green used for wall or column facing and for flooring.
6. Serpentine – Igneous rock with the mineral serpentine. The mineral is olive green to
greenish black, but impurities may give the rock other colors. Used for interiors only due
to deterioration from weathering.
7. Sandstone – a class of rock composed of cemented silica grains. Colors include gray,
buff, light brown, red. Texture range from very fine to very coarse and some are quite
porous with as much as 30 percent of their volume composed of pores.
8. Slate Rocks – formed by metamorphosis of clay and shales deposited in layers. A unique
characteristic of the rock is the relative ease with which it may be separated into thin tough
sheets, called slates ¼ in or more thick. Slates are black, green, red, gray or purple. Slate
is commonly used for flooring, window sills and stools stair treads, facing.
Stone Construction
- Stone are largely used as a facing material for large building with steel or concrete frames.
When;
1. Paneling – consists of using slabs of stone cut to dimension and thickness to cover backup
walls and provide a finished exterior.
2. Ashlar – works requires the used of cut stone and includes broken ashlar, irregular coursed
ashlar, regular coursed ashlar.
3. Rubblework – used as random when no attempt is made to produce either horizontal or
vertical course lines. Small spaces are filled with spalls, small stone and used as coursed
rubble work, horizontal course lines are maintained but no vertical course line used.
4. Trim – involve use of stone cut for specific purpose and include Quoin-stones laid at the
intersection of two walls. They are emphasized by using a contrasting color or type and by
projecting beyond the vertical plane off the wall. Usually, they are laid so that they appear
alternatively as long and short stones on each side of the corner.

As Jambs – stones which from sides of window and door openings.

As Sills – stones which form the bottom of window and door opening.
As Belts – special stone courses which are built into a wall for a particular purpose. The
reason is to provide architectural relief to a large wall of one material or to provide a break in
the vertical plane of the wall another reason is to hide a change in the wall thickness.
- Sills should have a wash or slope or the upper surface to provide for water run-off. Sills
are also provided with a drip to prevent water from running back to the wall along the
underside of the sill.
As Coping – one which is cut to fit on the top of a masonry wall. It prevents the passage of
water into the wall, sheds water to either inside on outside, and gives a finished appearance
to the wall.
As Cornices – Specially cut stones which are built into and project from, a masonry wall near
the top to provide the appearance of cave.
As Lintels – stone which bridge the top of door and window opening.
As Stone Step – made to fit over an inclined concrete slab or to cap steps cast in concrete.
As Arch Stone – cut to form some particular type of arch over a door or window.
As Stone Flooring – walks and patios, made by covering a base of stone concrete, brick or
tie with Flagstone. They may be random flagstones. Trimmed flagstone, Trimmed rectangular
and square.
Gypsum
- A soft mineral consisting of a hydrated calcium sulfate from which gypsum plater is made
(by healing), colorless when pure used as a retarder in Portland cement.

Gypsum Products
1. Platers
a. Plaster of Paris – made from carefully selected white rock. When mixed with water
to form a paste, it sets in about 15 to 20 minutes. It is used for small patching jobs
on plaster wall and for making molds; When lime putty is mixed, it makes a plaster
finish coat which hardens fast and free from shrinkage cracks.
b. Keene’s Cement – gypsum is subjected to a temperature of 750 deg F, it is
completely dehydrated, when this material is ground and alum added to it, it is
known as keene’s cement. Used where sanitary conditions or excessive moisture
makes it necessary to specify a hard impervious, smooth surface since it is highly
resistant to moisture penetration.
c. Casting Plaster – this plaster is made from specially selected rock and ground
much finer than plaster of Paris. It is slower setting and cooler working, which make
it adaptable for ornamental molded plaster work.
d. Hard Wall Plaster – this is neat gypsum plaster, containing hair or fiver, widely
used to form the first (scratch) coat and the second (brown) coat on plaster walls
and ceilings.
e. Cement Band Plaster – intended for the application to concrete surfaces. Almost
any finish plaster can be applied over this coat
f. Finish Plaster – this material is made specially to produce the finish (putty) coat
for plastered surfaces. It has to be mixed with hydrated lime putty and water.
g. Prepared Finish Plaster – requires only water. It contains no time, so the plaster
surface can be decorated as soon as it is dry.
h. Texture Plaster – used when a rough surface is required.
i. Acoustical Plaster – calcined gypsum is mixed with a light weight-mineral
aggregates to make a type of finish plaster that has a high rate of sound absorption.
j. Join Filer – like texture plaster is used to make the plaster for filling nail holes and
covering joints in gypsum wall board. Also used to make adhesive, used in
terminating two sheets of board together.
2. Gypsum Board
a. Gypsum Wallboard – a fireproof sheating for interior walls and ceilings. It is made
of a core of gypsum covered on each side by a heavy specially manufactured kraft
paper. The paper of the exposed surface is ivory colored while the back is gray.
Used to make partition in which there is no framework, can also be applied directly
to the wall frame of used over sheating by a single or double nailing or screw –
fastening size is 4 feet by up to 12 feet.
b. Gypsum Lath – a gypsum core is covered on both side with heavy paper but in
the case of lath, the same paper is used for both back and front, size 3/8 x 16” x
48” packed in bundles. Used as base for platers, providing adhesion for gypsum
plaster.
 c. Gypsum Precast Roof Decking – precast from gypsum containing various types
of fiber are made in either the square – edged plank from 4 to 6 feet or metal –
edge plank 10 feet long.
3. Gypsum Tile
a. Partition and Furring Tile – made for specially calcined gypsum, to which is
usually added about 5 percent wood fiber in the form of chips and sometimes some
perlite. The wood fiber allows the tile to bind together better, while the perlite
reduced the weight. Both solid and how tile is made, dimensions being 12 x 30 in
width thickness from 2” to 6”.
b. Fireproofing Tile – made to cover steel members in a building to protect them
against fire.
4. Gypsum Precast Wall Panels
- Made by casting in mold a panel consist of two outlet shells 5/8” thick reinforced with
viscose fiber and separated by a core of hexagonal cells, it is made 2 feet wide, 2 to 6”
thick and up to 90 feet long. Each panel is tongue and groove along its long edges to form
an interlocking wall.
Lime – used in the making of the finish or putty coat for interior plaster. The time
used is hydrated or slake time which is mixed with water to form a plastic, putty
like material to which is added gauging plaster. The mixture is applied in a thin coat
over the bare plaster and troweled to a smooth finish. The time in the putty begins
to recarbonate, and this hardening continues slowly for a long period of time.