BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-ALANGILAN CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS

SANITARY ENGINEERING

FLUID DYNAMICS – FLUID FLOW AND ENERGY

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

 Inviscid Flow- fluid flow in which viscous effect do not significantly influence the flow.
 Laminar Flow - fluid flows with no significant mixing of neighboring fluid particles, the path
of particles do not cross or intersect to each other. Re < 2000
 Turbulent Flow- fluid motions vary irregularly so that the quantities such as velocity and
pressure show random variation, fluid particles cross each other during flow. Re > 4000
 Transitional Flow – 4000>Re>2000
 Reynold’s Number- A dimensionless quantity that expresses the ratio between fluid inertial
forces.
 Steady Flow- occurs when the discharge Q passing a given cross sectional area is constant
with time, thus when discharge Q varies with time it is called unsteady flow.
 Uniform flow – occurs if, with steady flow for a given length, or reach, of a stream ,the
average velocity of flow is the same at every cross section. Fluid properties are constant
over the area perpendicular to the direction of flow.
 Streamlines- these are imaginary curves drawn through a fluid to indicate the motion in
various sections.
 Flow Nets- these are drawn to indicate flow patterns of two dimensional flow or three
dimensional flow
 Continuous Flow – occurs when at any time, the discharge Q at every section of the
stream is the same.

Flow rate Q

 Volumetric flow rate or Discharge (Volumetric flux) – Unit volume per unit of time

𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
Qv= = Across sectionalV
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

 Mass flow rate (Mass flux) – Unit mass per unit of time
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
Qm= = ρAcross sectionalV
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

 Weight flow rate (weight flux) – unit weight per unit of time
𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
Qw= = γAcross sectionalV
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

 Continuity Equation or Continuity Condition

The volumetric flux will always remain constant (law of conservation of mass).

WEEK 3 – FLUID DYNAMICS

CE 410 - Hydraulics
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-ALANGILAN CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS
SANITARY ENGINEERING

Q Q Q

Q=A1V1=A2V2………………………………………………………………………………………………=QkAk

 Energy and Head

The energy possessed by a flowing fluid consist of the Kinetic and Potential Energy.

Kinetic Energy = Velocity

Potential Energy = Elevation in reference to a certain datum + Pressure

Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem

Formulated by Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli in 1738, states that as the speed of a
moving fluid increases the pressure within that fluid decreases.

Z2

1
Z1

DATUM

E1=E2
E=Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
E= Velocity+Pressure+Elevation

WEEK 3 – FLUID DYNAMICS

CE 410 - Hydraulics
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-ALANGILAN CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS
SANITARY ENGINEERING

From the derived formula’s Energy in terms of head are as follows :

𝑣2 8𝑄2
Velocity head = =
2𝑔 ∏2 𝑔𝐷4

𝑃
Pressure head=
𝛾
Elevation head= z

Other heads involved:

 Major Head loss/Head loss due friction (to be discussed on the next chapters)
 Minor head loss/ Sudden and gradual enlargement, Contraction (to be discussed
on the next chapters)
 Pump head – the additional head to the system due to the mechanical force
delivered by a pump
 Turbine head – the extracted head to the system due to the presence of turbine.

PUMP

E1+HA=E2
1

TURBINE

E1-HE=E2
P=QγE
E= Energy involved in the system either energy delivered
by the pump or extracted by the turbine

efficiency = Poutput/Pinput

1 hp = 746 Watts = .746kWatts= 550 (ft*lb)/s =33,000(ft*lb)/min=42.2 BTU/min

WEEK 3 – FLUID DYNAMICS

CE 410 - Hydraulics