CHAPTER 

1: ELECTRICITY  charges charge current

Electron 23(4 0 (2/($ 5 Negati6e Electron
 Two basic particles
particles of electric charge:
charge: ;ow
• Electron <on .e or multiples . e Positi6e or <on
• Proton negati6e current
#ole 23(4 0 (2/($ 5 Positi6e #ole
Basic forms of atom: current
• Solid
• Liquid Ohm=s Law:
• Gas !oltage = current x res"stance

Parts of atom: Electrical 5haracteristics:

• Proton
Characteris Sm#ol $nit %ormulas
• Nucleus
tic
• Electron
5harge . 5oulomb&5' .><0T
5urrent < mpere &' < > .?T
@oltage @ @olt &@' @><0-
-esistance - Ohm &Ω' - > @?<
5onductance G Siemens &S' G > (?-

A&&ITI'(AL  LECT$RES:

%ethods of electron emissions:

Shells of Orbital Electrons in the tom: •  Thermionic
 Thermionic Emission
Emission &#ot 5athode'
5athode'
• Photoelectric Emission
MaximumElectr • Secondar+ Emission
Shell Inert Gas
ons •  #igh/1eld emission &5old 5athode'
! " #elium
L $ Neon  T+pes
 T+pes of @acuum
@acuum Tubes:
$ &up to calcium'
% rgon
or ($ • @acuum tube diode &Aleming @al6e'
N $) ($) or *" !r+pton
O $ or ($ ,enon
P $ or ($ -adon
. $ / •  Triode
 Triode &udion
&udion Tube'

%a0imum number pf electrons in a 1lled inner shell: 2n2

•  Tetrode
 Tetrode

Stable Particles in the tom:

• Pentode
Particle Charge Mass
Electron) in 23(40(2/($ 5)
73(2$ 0 (2/"8 g
orbital shells negati6e
23(40(2/($ 5) • Beam Power Tube
Proton) in nucleus (349" 0 (2/"8 g
positi6e
Neutron) in @acuum Tube
Tube 5oecients:
5oeci ents:
None (349 0 (2/"8 g
nucleus • mpli1cation Aactor &C'

Basic Law of Electricit+:

 &!  %$   &!  (
• 5harges of opposite polarit+ attract
5harges of same polarit+ repels  ' =  ' =
 &!  g
•

5oulomb 5harge 5onstant:

 &! #$ 
6.25 x 1018 C • Plate -esistance &rp'
1 electron or Qe = 0.16 x 10-18 C
1 C = 6.25 x 1018 electrons Δ! )
onejouleof 
wo r( =
oneolt 
= Δ*)
coulombofchar  •  Transconduc
 Transconductance
tance &gm'

 &!  (
gm=
 T+pes
 T+pes of Electric
Electric 5harges
5harges for 5urrent:
5urrent:
 &* g
T!e o" Amount o" Polarit  T!e o"
 + = gm x r( ! 
 
o /c =
* 
Number of electrons &N e': Ne > "n"  5 resistance
Dhere: n > correspond to ( st) "nd) *rd) etc orbit o -ac > - I J -b
DhereK
Broad 5ategories of %aterials: -b > bul resistance &rp Jrn'
Resisti)it Tem!erature -I > Iunction resistance
Materials
*alues Coe+cient 26m
ρ>(2/4 Ω/cm >
5onductor Positi6e
&copper' * 
ρ>2 Ω/cm &Ge'
Semiconductor ρ>20(2* Ω/cm Negati6e iode Parameter:
&Si'  P<@ &Pea <n6erse @oltage'
ρ ≈ 12(" Ω/cm  -S5 &-e6erse Saturation 5urrent'
<nsulator Negati6e
&mica'  Surface Leaage 5urrent

Energ+ Le6el iagram:

Insulator Semicon,uctor Con,uctor
Eg > (3(e@ &Si'
Eg > 234"e@ &Ge'
EgFe@ Eg > 2
Eg > (38(e@
CHAPTER -: RESIST'RS
&Gas'
5olor 5ode of -esistors:
C'L'R C'&E C'L'R C'&E
Blac 2 Green 
Energ+: Brown ( Blue 4
,=Q!  -ed " @iolet 9
Orange * Gra+ $
 The charge .:  ellow 8 Dhite 7
Q=1.6x10 -1 C
#ow to -ead -esistors Stripes:
Dor in Houles:
(e@>(340(2 /(7 H

 T+pes of Semiconductors:
 Elemental
o Silicon &Si'
o Germanium &Ge'
 5ompound
o Gallium rsenide &Gas'

Schematic S+mbols of -esistors:

5lass of Semiconductors:
 <ntrinsic
 E0trinsic

 T+pe of %aterial of Semiconductors: Potentiomete

Ai0ed @ariable Tapped
 N/T+ped %aterial &onor tom' r
o Phosphorus &P'
5omparison of -esistor T+pes:
o ntimon+ &Sb'
Car#on T!e Resis tor .ire .oun, Resis tor
o rsenic &s'
5arbon granules in binder Turns of resistance wire
 P/T+ped %aterial &cceptor tom'
- up to "2%Ω - down to a fraction of ( Ω
o Boron &B'
5olor/coded for resistance
o luminum &l' -esistance printed on circuit
6alue
o Gallium
Aor low/current circuitsK Aor high/current circuits)
o <ndium &<'
power ratings of (?(2 to "D rating of  to o6er (22D
Low/resistance rheostats for
Schematic diagram of semiconductor: @ariable potentiometers and
6ar+ing currentK
rheostats to %Ω) for
potentiometers up to 2Ω
controls such as 6olume and
for 6oltage di6ider in power
tone in recei6ers
suppl+

-esistance le6els of semiconductor: M

 5 or static resistance
CHAPTER /: 'HM0S LA.
Ohm=s Law P T > P( J P" J P* J P8 J P J  J PN
!  ! 
*= ! =*/ /=
/ * O- Gate Aunctions:
Switches
Lamp
Dhere:  B
< >current &ampere' Open Open ON
- > resistance &ohm' Open 5losed ON
@ > 6oltage &6olt' 5losed Open ON
5losed 5losed OAA
Power
wor 
)ower 
=
t"m CHAPTER 4: SERIES5PARALLEL CIRC$ITS

Dor

,ork 
= (ower 
0t"m

( Ioule > (watt/second

( watt > (Ioule?second 5omparison of Series and Parallel 5ircuits
( Ioule > ( 6olt/coulomb Series Circuits Parallel Circuits
( watt > ( 6olt/ampere 5urrent the same in all @oltage the same across all
components3 branches
@ across each series - is < 0
(hp > 984 watts >  !ilowatts > 2 ft/lb?s < in each branch - is @?-
-
( Ioule > 43" 0 (2 ($e@ @ T > @( J @" J @* J  J @N < T > <( J <" J <* J  J < N
- T > -( J -" J -* J  J - N G T > G( J G" J G* J  J GN
5on6ersion Aactors: - T must be more than the -E. must be less than the
Relation to largest indi6idual - smallest branch -
Prex Sm#ol
2asic $nit
P T > P( J P" J P* J  J P N P T > P( J P" J P* J  J P N
()222)222 or ( 0 pplied 6oltage is di6ided %ain/line current is di6ided
%ega %
(24 into <- 6oltage drops into branch currents
!ilo  (222 or ( 0 (2*
 The largest <- drop is across  The largest branch < is in the
%illi m 2322( or ( 0 (2/* the largest series - smallest parallel -
2322222( or ( 0 Open in one component Open in one branch does
%icro C
(2/4 causes entire circuit to be not pre6ent < in other
open3 branches
Power Aormulas:
P>@< P><"- P>@"?-
CHAPTER 6: *'LTAGE A(& C$RRE(T  &I*I&ERS
Practical nits of Electricit+:
Siemen
5oulomb mpere @olt Datt Ohm
s @oltage i6iders:
43" 0
(2($
coulom  joule  joule olt  am(er  -
  secon coulom secon am(er  olt  @> Q@ T
electrons -
 T

5urrent i6iders:

-"
<> Q< T
-(7-"
CHAPTER 3: PARALLEL CIRC$ITS
G
<> Q T
<
G T
(
G>
-
 Total 5urrent:
< T > <( J <" J <* J <8 J < J  J < N
CHAPTER 8: &IRECT C$RRE(T METERS
 Total -esistance:
 T+pe of %ultimeters:
( ( ( ( • @O%
> J J J333Jetc %%
-E. -( -" -* •

Shunt resistance:
-(Q-"
-E. > ! 

-(J-" / =
*
<f - is equal in all branchesK
-esistance of a multiplier:
-
-E. > full- scale! 
n /mult 
= - r 

 Total Power:
full- scale
*
 !ircho=s 5urrent Law &!5L'

<<N > <OT

%ultiple @oltages R Scale -eadings:

(2@ Scale) -6 > (2222 Ω "@ Scale) -6 > "222 Ω !ircho=s @oltage Law &!@L'
Scale Scale
%eter e;ectio %eter e;ectio
-eadin -eading Σ@>@ T
) m n ) m n
g) @ )@
2 2 2 2 2 2
23   23" "?(2 
(32 Aull scale (2 238 8?(2 (2
23  ("3 CHAPTER 1;:
(32 Aull scale " (ET.'R  THE'REMS

 The6enin=s Theorem
5haracteristics of a @oltmeter:

" 2Ω "2222 Ω?@

(2 "22Ω "2222 Ω?@
2 (%Ω "2222 Ω?@
"2 %Ω "2222 Ω?@
(222 "2%Ω "2222 Ω?@

5orrection for Loading Eect: Norton=s Theorem

/1/2
! =! 
4 ! 

/! 5/14/2
 3

5alibration of Ohmmeter:

Aull
2 (22 (22 ( 2
scale
"?*
92 (22 ""2 "?* 92
scale
(22 (22 *222   scale (22
(?*
*222 (22 822 (?* *222
scale
(?(22
(2222 (22 ((22 232( (2222  The6enin R Norton 5on6ersion:
scale
22222 (22 2(22 2 none ∞ sing Ohm=s Law:
@><-K <>@?-

5omparison of @O% and %%:

*'M &MM
nalog pointer reading igital readout
5 6oltmeter changes with 5 6oltmeter is (2 R "2% Ω) the
range same on all ranges
Uero/ohms adIustment
No Vero/ohms adIustments
changed for each range
Ohms ranges up to - 0
Ohms ranges up to "2%ΩK each
(2222Ω) as a multipl+ing %illman=s Theorem
range is the ma0imum
factor
@( @" @*
J J
-( -" -*
@, > 3333etc
( ( (
7 7
-( -" -*

irect 5urrent %eters:

Power on in Power on in Power o in

circuit circuit circuit
5onnect in 5onnect in  Tee &Tee' or  &DE' Networ
5onnect is series
parallel parallel
#igh internal Low internal #as <nternal
resistance resistance Batter+
#as internal #igher batter+
#as internal
shuntsK lower 6oltage and more
series multipliersK
resistance for sensiti6e meter
higher resistance
higher current for higher ohms
for higher ranges
ranges ranges

Π or Δ Networ
CHAPTER 9:  IRCH'%%0S LA.
 5admium /2382
Nicel /23"*
Lead /23(*
#+drogen
2322
&reference'
5opper J23*
%ercur+ J23$2
Sil6er J23$2
Gold J(3*4

SiVes for Popular T+pes of r+ 5ells:

Height< &iameter<
Si=e
in> in
 "X (X
5 ( (
5on6ersions of  to Δ) or T to W:
 ( 9?$ 7?(4
-(-" J-"-* J-*-(  ( *?$
- >
-(
-(-" J-"-* J-*-(
-B > CHAPTER 1/: MAG(ETISM
-"
-(-" J-"-* J-*-( 5on6ersions:
-5 >
-* ( CDb > (22 lines or %0
( Db > ( 0 (2$ lines or %0
5on6ersions of Δ ) W to T: ( T > ( 0 (28 G
-B-5 ( %0?cm" > ( G
-(>
- J-BJ-5 Alu0 ensit+ &B':
-5-
-" > φ
- J-BJ-5 B>
--B 
-* > 5lassi1cation of %agnetic %aterials:
- J-BJ-5 • Aerromagnetic %aterials
• Paramagnetic %aterials
• Paramagnetic %aterials
• iamagnetic %aterials

CHAPTER 1-: 2ATTERIES

5ell T+pes and Open 5ircuit @oltage:

(ominal '!en
Cell (ame T!e %agnetic Alu0 & Φ' and Alu0 ensit+ &b'
Circuit *oltage
5arbon Uinc Primar+ (3 MS or SI
(ame Sm#ol CGS $nits
$nits
Uinc 5hloride Primar+ (3
( weber
%anganese Primar+ or Alu0 or total ( ma0well
(3 φ > B 0 area &Db' > (2$
io0ide &laline' Secondar+ lines &%0' > (line
%0
%ercuric O0ide Primar+ (3*
Alu0 densit+) ( gauss &G' ( Tesla &T' >
Sil6er O0ide Primar+ (3 φ
or lines per B> (%0 (Db
Lithium Primar+ *32  > " "
unit area cm m
Lead cid Secondar+ "3(
Nicel 5admium Secondar+ (3"
Nicel <ron CHAPTER 1?: MAG(ETIC  $(ITS
Secondar+ (3"
&Edison 5ell'
Sil6er Uinc Secondar+ (3 <nternational S+stem of %!S nits &S<' for %agnetism:
Sil6er 5admium Secondar+ (3( .uantit+ S+mbol nit
Alu0 φ Deber &Db'
Open 5ircuit @oltage of the Lead cid 5ell: Alu0 ensit+ B Db?cm" > Tesla &T'
Potential mmf mpere R turn & 3 t'
@ > speci1c gra6it+ J 23$8 Aield mpere R turn per meter &  3
#
<ntensit+ t?m'
<nternal -esistance of the Batter+: mpere R turn per weber &  3
-eluctance -
@NL / @L t?Db'
ri > Deber per ampere R turn
<L Permeance ρ > (?-
&Db? 3 t'
-elati6e C Cr or ! m None
C > Cr 0 B tesla&T'
Electromoti6e Series of Elements: Permeabilit+ (3"4 0 (2/ >
Potential 4 # ampere
/ turn
permeter
&3 t?
Element
<*
Lithium /"374
%agnesiu 5GS nits:
/"382
m • Aor mmf: gilbert &Gb'
luminum /(392 o ( 3t > (3"4 Gb
Uinc /2394
• Aor 1eld intensit+: oersted &Oe' @oltage
Oe :
t
o ( 3 > 232(" t 234*
m 3
m
• Permeabilit+: -%S 6alue > 23929 0 pea 6alue
o Co > (G?Oe
5ommon Arequencies:
A!!licatio
%re@uencies
5oulomb=s Law: ns
5 Power
q(q" 42 #V
A >7Q(27 Q Line
r" 2 R ()222
#V
udio
Equipment
Dhere: * R (42 % -adio
A > force in Newton #V Band
q() q" > charge in coulombs
 T@ 5hannel
r > distance in meters 8/42 %#V
"
7 0 (27 > constant factor
A% -adio
$$ R (2$ %#V
Band
CHAPTER 13: ELECTR'MAG(ETIC  I(&$CTI'(
Period:
Aarada+=s Law:
dϕ  (
6ind>N  T A
dt f 
Dhere:
Da6elength:
N > number of turns
6elocit+
dϕ  λ  >
 > in webers per second frequenc
dt

CHAPTER 14: ALTER(ATI(G *'LTAGE A(& C$RRE(T

Da6elength of Sound Da6es:
@alues in a Sine Da6e:
Angle θ ((*2ft?
Loo! λ  >
&egre Ra,ian Sin θ
f #V
*oltage
es s
2 2 2 Vero CHAPTER 16: I(&$CTA(CE
π 2Y of 
*2 23 Aormula of <nductance:
4 ma0imum

π 6L
8 23929
9239Y of  L
8 ma0imum di
π
dt
$434Y of 
42 23$44 N"Q
* ma0imum L >μr Q Q(3"4Q(2/(4 #
Positi6e
l
π
72 ( ma0imum
" 6alue (m# > ( 0(2/* #
(C# > ( 0 (2/4 #
($2 π 2 Uero
*π Negati6e Self induced @oltage:
"92 /( ma0imum
" di
6alue 6L A L
*42 "π 2 Uero dt

5oecient of 5oupling:
;u0linGagebetween
L( andL"
eri6ation of 6erage and -%S @alues for a Sine Da6e G>
;u0produced
b+L(
lternation
Inter) Angle
Sin θ %utual <mpedance:
al θ
( ( 23"4 2329 L% A G L(0 L"
" *2 23 23"
* 8 239( 23
8 42 23$9 239  Turns -atio:
 9 2379 237* NP
4 72 ( (  Turns
-atio A

9 (2 2379 237* NS

$ ("2 23$9 239 5urrent -atio:
7 (* 239( 23 @S <S > @P<P
(2 (2 23 23"
(( (4 23"4 2329  Transformer Ecienc+:
(" ($2 2 2 Pout
 Total 934" 4
Ecienc+ > Q(22
Pin
6erag -%S @alue:
Energ+:
e 23929
 ( "
Energ+ > ε  A L< 5on6ersion of r s or -P:
"
,L"
rs >
-p
CHAPTER -4: RES'(A(CE
,L"
-esonant Arequenc+: -p >
rs
(
fr >
"π L5 CHAPTER -6: %ILTERS

5apacitance:  T+pical udio Arequenc+ and -adio Arequenc+ 5oupling

( 5apacitors:
5> %re@uen
*alues o" CC
%re@uenc
8π "f r"L c
R R R
2an,
1>4B Ω 14 Ω 14;B Ω
<nductance: udio
(22#V (2CA (CA 23(CA
Arequenc+
(
L> udio
(222#V (CA 23(CA 232(CA
8π "f r"5 Arequenc+
udio
(2#V 23(CA 232(CA 2322(CA
. of Series 5ircuit: Arequenc+
-adio
,L (22#V 232(CA 2322(CA (22pA
Arequenc+
.> -adio
rs (%#V 2322(CA (22pA (2pA
Arequenc+
@oltage Output in Series -esonance: -adio
(2%#V (22pA (2pA (pA
Arequenc+
@L > @5 >. Q@gen @er+ #igh
(22%#V (2pA (pA 23(pA
Arequenc+
,5c > (?(2 -

. in a Series -esonant 5ircuit:

@out
.>
@in

. in a Parallel -esonant 5ircuit:

UE.
.>
,L
 T+pical udio Arequenc+ and -adio Arequenc+ 5oupling
Bandwidth of -esonant 5ircuit:
5apacitors:
f r *alues o" CC
Δf > %re@uen
R R R
%re@uenc
. c
14 Ω 1>4B Ω 14;Ω
2an,
udio
#igh/. 5ircuit: (22#V (CA (2CA (22CA
Arequenc+
U(QU" (222#V 23(CA (CA (2CA
udio
UE. > Arequenc+
U( JU" udio
(2#V 232(CA 23(CA (CA
Arequenc+
-adio
(22#V 2322(CA 232(CA 23(CA
Arequenc+
-adio
(%#V (22pA 2322(CA 232(CA
5omparison of Series and Parallel -esonance: Arequenc+
Series -esonance Parallel -esonance -adio
(2%#V (2pA (22pA 2322(CA
( ( Arequenc+
fr > fr >
"π L5 "π L5 @er+ #igh
(22%#V (pA (2pA (22pA
< T ma0imum at f r with θ of Arequenc+
< ma0imum at f r with θ of 2Z3
2Z3 ,5( > (?(2 -
<mpedance U minimum at f r3 <mpedance U ma0imum at f r3
,L @out ,L U
.> or . > ma0
.> or . >
r @ r ,
s in s L
. rise in impedance > . 0
. rise in 6oltage > . 0 @ GEN
@GEN
f 
r f 
r
Bandwidth > Δf > Bandwidth > Δf >
. .
5ircuit capaciti6e below f r) 5ircuit inducti6e below f r)
but inducti6e abo6e f r3 but capaciti6e abo6e f r3
Needs low resistance source Needs high resistance Low R Pass Ailter:
for low r s) high .) and sharp source for high r s) high .)
tuning and sharp tuning
Source is inside L5 circuit3 Source is outside L5 circuit3
 (222 & $ # , h 0
(22( ' 7 <  i +
(2(2  : H U I V
(2(( J K ! 
((22 )  L L
((2( / > % m
5hoe L in series 5hoe L in series ((2 3 F N n
(((( ?  O o

Logic Gates

Boolean
 Traditional -ectangular
π/t+pe with one choe lgebra
<n6erted L T+pe with 5hoe
and b+pass capacitors
, >Ā

B>,

π/t+pe with series resistors

JB>,

#igh R Pass Ailter:

 %7= 6 

 % 47=  
-5 5oupling 5ircuit <n6erted L T+pe

 T T+pe π/t+pe
Boolean
 Traditional -ectangular
CHAPTER /1: &IGITAL  ELECTR'(ICS lgebra

Binar+) ecimal) and #e0adecimal Numbers

Binar+ ecimal #e0adecimal
 %⊕7A
2222 2 2
222( ( (
22(2 " "
22(( * *  %⊕7=  
2(22 8 8
2(2(  
2((2 4 4
2((( 9 9 emorgan=s Theorem
(222 $ $
(22( 7 7 (ST Theorem:  % 47= % . 7
(2(2 (2  "nd Theorem: % . 7= % 47
(2(( (( B
((22 (" 5
((2( (* 
((2 (8 E
(((( ( A
 TTL 5haracteristics:

Le6el of <ntegration Number of Gates per 5hip

Small/scale integration &SS<' Less than ("
%edium/scale integration
 The S5<< 5ode ("/77
&%S<'
,4,,8 Large/scale integration &LS<' (22/7777
,*,",(,2
2(2 2(( (22 (2( ((2 ((( @er+ large/scale integration
2222 SP 2 [ P p (2)222/77)777
&@LS<'
222( \ (  . a q ltra large/scale integration
22(2 ] " B - b r (22)222 or more
&LS<'
22(( ^ * 5 S c s
2(22 _ 8 E T d t  The 9822 Aamil+ of TTL e6ices
2(2( Y    e u
2((2 ` 4 A @ f 6 e6ice Number escription
2((( M 9 G D g w 9822 .uad "/input NN gates
982" .uad "/input NO- gates ( 2 2 (
9828 #e0 <n6erter ( ( ( 2
982$ .uad "/input N gates Aull dders
98(2 Triple */input NN gates
98"9 Triple */input NO- gates  B 5 5arr+ Sum
98*" .uad "/input O- gates 2 2 2 2 2
98$4 .uad "/input ,O- gates 2 2 ( 2 (
2 ( 2 2 (
Alip/Alops 2 ( ( ( 2
( 2 2 2 (
Alip/;ops e1nition ( 2 ( ( 2
( ( 2 ( 2
( ( ( ( (
Set?reset ;ip/;op
-S ;ip/;op with #<G# acti6e inputs

- S . 5omment
5loced set?reset ;ip/;op 2 2 N5 No 5hange
2 ( ( Set
( 2 2 -eset
( (  <llegal
/t+pe ;ip/;op

 H! ;ip/;op
-S ;ip/;op with LOD acti6e inputs

- S . 5omment
2 2  <llegal
2 ( 2 -eset
( 2 ( Set
( ( N5 No 5hange
 Truth Table
5loced -S Alip/;op
<n6erter NO- gate
5l - S .
 ,  B ,
2 2 2 N5
2 ( 2 2 (
2 2 ( N5
( 2 2 ( 2
2 ( 2 N5
( 2 2
2 ( ( N5
( ( 2
( 2 2 N5
( 2 ( (
N gate NN gate
( ( 2 2
 B ,  B ,
( ( ( ?illegal
2 2 2 2 2 (
2 ( 2 2 ( (
( 2 2 ( 2 (
( ( ( ( ( 2

O- gate Edge triggered /t+pe Alip/;op

 B ,
2 2 2 5l  .
2 ( ( 2 , N5
( 2 ( ( , N5
( ( ( ↓ , N5
↑ 2 2
 Truth Table ↑ ( (
,O- gate Negati6e Edge triggered H! Alip/;op
 B ,
2 2 ( 5l H ! .
2 ( ( 2 , , N5
( 2 ( ( , , N5
( ( 2 ↑ , , N5
X 2 2 N5
,NO- gate ↓ 2 ( 2
 B , ↓ ( 2 (
2 2 ( ↓ ( ( Toggle
2 ( 2
( 2 2
( ( (

#alf dders

 B 5arr+ Sum
2 2 2 2
2 ( 2 (