Chemistry Part A Notes

The study of matter and the

properties of matter
What is Matter?
Matter – anything in the universe that
has mass and takes up space.

Examples of matter- air,

all liquids, and all solids.
What is NOT Matter?
Two common forms of energy are not
matter;

1. Light
2. Heat
3. Others???
What is matter made of?
Matter is made of tiny particles called
atoms. Atoms also have mass and
take up space.
 States of Matter
Matter can be a solid, liquid, or gas.
Solid – atoms
are packed tightly

Liquid – atoms are spread

apart and bump into each
other

Gas – atoms are really spread

apart, move quickly and bounce
off of each other
 Types of Matter

Matter can either be a pure substance or

a mixture.

Pure substances can either be elements

or compounds.

Mixtures can either be homogeneous or

heterogeneous.
 Elements
An element is matter made of only one
kind of atom.

• There are 115 known elements.

• Ninety elements are naturally occurring.
• The elements are organized
according to their properties in the
Periodic Table.
• Examples – Hydrogen, Carbon,
Nitrogen, Calcium, Sodium, Oxygen
• http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html
 Compounds
Compounds are 2 or more elements that are
chemically combined.

 Compounds cannot be easily separated

into their elements. Examples;

1. H2O Water

2. NaCl Salt

3. C6H12O6 Sugar/Glucose
 H2 N2 O2
 The gases of hydrogen, nitrogen and
oxygen naturally exist as compounds of
2 atoms of their element.
 Mixtures
Mixtures are made of different compounds that are
mixed together.

 Mixtures can be easily separated into the

original compounds.

Homogeneous – substances
evenly mixed
Heterogeneous – substances
not evenly mixed
Classification of Elements

The elements are classified into 2 main

groups;
Sodium Gold

1. Metals
Copper

2. Non-metals
Sulfur
 Metals
Physical properties of metals:
1. Luster – shiny, reflects light brightly

2. Conductors – heat and electricity move

through metals easily.

3. Malleable – can be hammered into shape

4. Ductile – can be drawn into wire

5. High Density – heavy for their size

 Non-Metals

Physical Properties of non-metals;

1. Dull – not shiny

2. Do not conduct heat or electricity
3. Brittle – break or shatter easily
4. Low Density
 The Periodic Table of the
Elements
In the Periodic Table the elements are
organized by their chemical and physical
properties.

Rows or, Periods – the elements are

identified with increasing numbers from
left to right.

Columns or, Groups – are elements that

have many similar properties. Sometimes
referred to as families.
 Symbols for the 6 Main
Elements
• Chemical symbol – Element Symbol
shows the element
Sodium
made up of one kind of
atom Chlorine
• Know the symbols for Hydrogen
these elements
Oxygen
Carbon
Nitrogen
 Symbols
• Chemical symbol – Element Symbol
shows the element
Sodium Na
made up of one kind of
atom Chlorine Cl
• Know the symbols for Hydrogen H
these elements
Oxygen O
Carbon C
Nitrogen N
 Chemical Formulas
• Chemical formula – shows the symbols for
the elements in a compound

• Subscript – number written to the lower right

of the symbol that shows the number of
atoms in the compound

• Example – H2O – the subscript “2” means

that there are 2 hydrogen atoms in the water
compound, no subscript for oxygen means
there is only 1 oxygen atom
Formulas for the 6 Main
Compounds
Formula Compound
NaCl
H2O
C6H12O6
O2
CO2
N2
Acids and Bases
The pH Scale
 Physical vs. Chemical
Properties of Matter

Physical properties of matter can be

observed and measured without changing
the kind of matter being studied.

Chemical properties of matter are not usually

visible and, a change in the matter does
occur.
 Physical Properties of Matter

These physical properties can be used to

identify a substance;
Melting point
• Boiling point
• Density (heaviness)
• Color
• pH
 Chemical Properties of Matter

Chemical properties can also help identify a

substance. Chemical properties can only
be seen when there is a chemical
reaction.

1. Burning

2. Rusting

3. Chemical Reactivity
The pH Scale

pH is the amount, or measure, of the concentration

of acids and bases.

 pH is measured on a scale from 1 – 14

 Acids have a pH between 1 – 6

 Bases have a pH between 8 – 14

Neutral pH

Neutral pH is when a solution is neither an acid or

a base. The solution has a pH of 7.

 Pure water has a pH of 7.

Acidic Solutions

 Acids are identified by their sour

taste.

 The lower the pH number, the stronger the acid

 Many fruits, such as oranges and lemons, are mildly

acidic.

 Strong acids are very dangerous.

Basic Solutions

 Bases usually have a bitter taste and feel

slippery when rubbed between your fingers.

 Soap and other cleaners are usually bases

 Strong bases are also very dangerous.

pH Indicators
Indicators are substances that change color to
help determine whether a solution is an acid or
a base.

Common pH Indicators;

1. Litmus Paper
2. pH paper
3. Phenolphthalein
Litmus Paper

There are 2 types of litmus paper;

1. Blue litmus paper turns red in acids.

Stays blue in bases.
2. Red litmus paper turns blue in bases.
Stays red in acids.
3. Turns purple in a neutral solution.
pH Paper

pH paper can turn a series of colors,

depending on the pH, to determine the
pH.
Phenolphthalein

Phenolphthalein turns pink in a strong base

and stays clear in an acid.