LIST OF PRACTICALS

CLASS – IX
FIRST TERM

1. To test (a) the presence of starch in the given food sample.

(b) the presence of the adulterant metanil yellow in dal.

2. To prepare (a) a true solution of common salt, sugar and alum.

(b) a suspension of soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water.
(c) a colloidal of starch in water and egg albumin in water.
Distinguish between these on the basis of • transparency
• filtration criterion
• stability

3. To prepare ‘a mixture’ and ‘a compound’ by using iron filings and sulphur

powder. Distinguish between these on the basis of
* appearance i.e. homogeneity and heterogeneity.
* behaviour towards a magnet.
* behaviour towards carbon disulphide as a solvent.
* effect of heat.

4. To carry out the following reactions and classify them as physical or

chemical changes. (a) Iron with copper sulphate solution in water.
(b) Burning of magnesium in air.
(c) Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid.
(d) Heating of copper sulphate.
(e) Sodium sulphate with barium chloride in the form of their solutions
in water.

5. To prepare stained temporary mounts of (a) onion peel and (b) human
cheek cells. And to record observations and draw their labeled diagrams.

6. To identify parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues in plants, striped muscle

fibers and nerve cells in animals from prepared slides and to draw their
labeled diagrams.

7. To separate the components of a mixture of sand, common salt and

ammonium chloride (or camphor) by sublimation.

8. To determine the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water.

9. To study the third law of motion using two spring balances.

10. To determine the mass percentage of water imbibed by raisins.

 EXPERIMENT No. – 01A

Aim : To test the presence of starch in the given food sample.

Materials required : Food sample like Potato/Rice powder/Starch powder, Test

tubes, Test tube holder, Filter paper, Funnel, Distilled water, Iodine solution, Bunsen
burner etc.

Theory : Starch is a carbohydrate. It is a polymer of glucose. It is present in cereals. It is

the main source of energy for our body. Iodine reacts with starch to give a blue-black
colour.

Procedure : Take 10 ml of distilled water in a test tube and add a pinch of rice powder
or starch powder to it. Shake it well. Use the solution to perform the test.

Observations :
Sl. Experiment Observation Inference
No.
Take 2 ml of the solution in a test The colour of the Presence of
1. tube and add a few drops of iodine solution changes to starch confirmed.
solution to it with a dropper. blue-black.

Precautions :
 Use clean test tubes.
 Use separate dropper for each chemical.

Food sample Few drops of Colour change

Iodine solution Blue-black - Starch
 EXPERIMENT No. – 01B

Aim : To test the presence of adulterant metanil yellow in dal.

Materials required : Dal, Mortar and pestle, Distilled water, Test tube, concentrated
hydrochloric acid etc.

Theory : Food adulteration is the mixing of food with low quality, undesirable and toxic
substances. Metanil yellow is a dye used for colouring dal.

Procedure : Grind some dal in a mortar with a pestle. Take the powder in a test tube
and add some distilled water to it and shake well. Filter the solution. Use the solution to
perform the test.

Observations :
Sl. Experiment Observation Inference
No.
Take 2 ml of the solution in a test tube The colour of the Presence of metanil
1. and add a few drops of concentrated solution changes to yellow confirmed.
hydrochloric acid to it with a dropper. pink or magenta.

Precautions :
 Use clean test tubes.
 Use separate dropper for each chemical.

Food sample Few drops of Colour change

conc.HCl Pink – Metanil yellow
 EXPERIMENT No. - 02

Aim : To prepare (a) a true solution of common salt, sugar and alum.
(b) a suspension of soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water.
(c) a colloidal of starch in water and egg albumin in water.
Distinguish between these on the basis of • transparency
• filtration criterion
• stability
Materials required : Common salt, Sugar, Alum, Soil, Chalk powder, Fine sand,
Starch, Egg albumin, Water, Beakers, Glass rods, Funnel, Test tubes, Filter paper, Torch,
Burner etc.

Theory :
 A true solution is a homogeneous and transparent mixture. The particles cannot be
seen by naked eyes. The particles cannot be separated by filtration. The solute
particles do not settle down and the solution is stable. They do not scatter light.
 A suspension is a heterogeneous and translucent mixture. The particles can be seen
by naked eyes. The particles can be separated by filtration. The solute particles
settle down and the solution is unstable. They scatter light.
 A colloidal solution is a heterogeneous and translucent mixture. The particles
cannot be seen by naked eyes. The particles cannot be separated by filtration. The
solute particles do not settle down and the solution is stable. They scatter light.

Procedure :
 Preparation of true solutions of common salt, sugar and alum : Take
three 100ml beakers with 20ml of water in each. Add a small amount of common
salt in the first beaker, a small amount of sugar in the second beaker and a small
amount of powdered alum in the third beaker. Stir the mixture with a glass rod till
the solutes dissolve in the water. Pour a small amount of each solution in different
test tubes.
 Preparation of suspensions of soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water
: Take three 100ml beakers with 20ml of water in each. Add a small amount of soil
in the first beaker, a small amount of chalk powder in the second beaker and a small
amount of fine sand in the third. Stir the mixture with a glass rod. Pour a small
amount of each suspension in different test tubes.
 Preparation of colloidal solution of starch in water and egg albumin in
water : Take two 100ml beakers with 20ml of water in each. Add a small amount of
starch powder in the first beaker and a small amount of egg albumin in the second
beaker. Stir the mixture with a glass rod. Pour a small amount of each colloidal
solution in different test tubes.

Observations :
 Transparency : Take the test tube containing the true solutions, suspensions and
colloidal solutions. Use a torch and pass a narrow beam of light through the
solutions.
Observations : A true solution is transparent and does not scatter a beam of light
and does not make the path visible. A suspension scatters light and makes its path
visible. A colloidal solution scatters light and makes its path visible.
  Filtration criterion : Fix three funnels with filter paper and keep them over three
test tubes. Pour equal amounts of true solution, suspension and colloidal solution in
each of them.
Observations : In true solutions and colloidal solutions no residues are left in the
filter paper. In suspensions residues are left in the filter paper.

 Stability : Take equal amounts of the test tube containing the true solutions,
suspensions and colloidal solutions. Shake the solutions and leave it undisturbed for
some time.
Observations : In true solutions and colloidal solutions no particles settle down
and they are stable. In suspensions particles settle down and they are unstable.

Inference :
 A true solution is transparent and does not scatter light. A colloidal solution is
translucent and scatters light. A suspension scatters light.
 The components of a true solution and colloidal solution cannot be separated by
filtration. The components of a suspension can be separated by filtration.
 The particles of a true solution and colloidal solution do not settle down and they
are stable. The particles of a suspension settle down and they are unstable.

Precautions :
 Do not take excess solute for making solutions, suspensions and colloids.
 Shake the mixtures thoroughly in water.
 Do not use more water for making the solutions and suspensions except for starch
solution.
 Chalk should be powdered well before making the solution.
 EXPERIMENT No. - 03

Aim : To prepare ‘a mixture’ and ‘a compound’ by using iron filings and sulphur
powder. Distinguish between these on the basis of
* appearance i.e. homogeneity and heterogeneity.
* behaviour towards a magnet.
* behaviour towards carbon disulphide as a solvent.
* effect of heat.

Materials required : Hard glass test tube, Test tube holder, Mortar and pestle,
Watch glass, Hand lens, Magnet, Bunsen burner, Iron filings, Sulphur powder, Carbon
disulphide solution etc.

Theory :
 A compound is a substance formed when two or more elements combine together
chemically in a fixed ratio. It is homogeneous. The constituents cannot be separated
by physical methods. It does not show the properties of its constituents.
 A mixture is a substance formed when two or more elements or compounds are
mixed together in any ratio. It is heterogeneous. The constituents can be separated
by physical methods. It shows the properties of its constituents.

Procedure :
 Preparation of a mixture of iron filings and sulphur : Take some iron
filings and some sulphur powder in a mortar. Grind it well with a pestle. The
product obtained is a mixture of iron filings and sulphur. Divide the mixture into
two parts and place them in two separate watch glasses.
 Preparation of compound of iron and sulphur (iron sulphide) : Take one
part of the mixture of iron filings and sulphur in a hard glass test tube. Hold the test
tube with a test tube holder. Heat the mixture strongly with a Bunsen burner till the
mixture starts glowing with a reddish glow. Then stop heating. The iron reacts with
sulphur to form a compound called iron sulphide. Transfer the compound into a
watch glass.
Observations and inferences :
Experiment Observation Inference
Appearance : Observe the In the mixture, the particles of Mixture is heterogeneous.
mixture and compound using a grey iron filings and yellow Compound is
magnifying glass. sulphur are visible and they are homogeneous.
not uniform throughout the
mixture. In the compound the
grey particles are uniform
throughout the mixture.
Behaviour towards a magnet : In case of the mixture the iron The constituents of a
Move a bar magnet over the particles are attracted to the mixture can be separated
mixture and the compound. magnet. In case of the by physical methods. The
Compound no particles are constituents of a compound
attracted to the magnet. cannot be separated by
physical methods.
Behaviour towards carbon In case of the mixture the Mixture shows the
disulphide : Take a small particles of sulphur dissolves properties of its
amount of the mixture and and iron particles are left constituents. Compound
compound in two separate test behind. In case of the compound does not show properties of
tubes and add 5ml of carbon it does not dissolve. its constituents.
disulphide solution to it and
shake well.
Action of heat : Take a small In case of the mixture, it starts The mixture of iron filings
amount of the mixture and glowing and forms a grey solid and sulphur react
compound in two separate test mass of iron sulphide. In case of chemically to form iron
tubes and heat them over a the compound no change takes sulphide. The compound
bunsen burner. place. iron sulphide does not
undergo any chemical
change on heating.

Precautions :
 Heat the mixture of iron filings and sulphur powder in hard glass test tube only.
 Use minimum amounts of chemicals while performing the experiments.
 Use clean test tubes and watch glasses to avoid any impurity.
 EXPERIMENT No. - 4

Aim : To carry out the following reactions and classify them as physical or chemical
changes.
(a) Iron with copper sulphate solution in water.
(b) Burning of magnesium in air.
(c) Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid.
(d) Heating of copper sulphate.
(e) Sodium sulphate with barium chloride in the form of their solutions in water.

Materials required :
 Iron nails, Copper sulphate solution, Test tube, Sand paper.
 Magnesium ribbon, pair of tongs, Burner, China dish, Distilled water, Litmus
paper, Sand paper.
 Zinc granules, dilute sulphuric acid, Test tube, Test tube holder.
 Copper sulphate crystal, Burner, China dish.
 Sodium sulphate solution, Barium chloride solution, Conical flask.

Theory :
 Combination reaction is a chemical reaction in which two or more substances
combine together to form a single new substance. E.g.- Magnesium burns in air to
form magnesium oxide.
2Mg + O2 2MgO
 Displacement reaction is a chemical reaction in which a more reactive element
displaces a less reactive element from its solution. E.g.- Iron displaces copper from
copper sulphate solution to form iron sulphate and copper.
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
 Zinc displaces hydrogen from dilute sulphuric acid to form zinc sulphate and
hydrogen.
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
 Double displacement is a chemical reaction in which two substances react together
to form two new substances by exchanging their ions in aqueous solution. E.g.-
Sodium sulphate solution reacts with barium chloride solution to form sodium
chloride and barium sulphate.
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 2NaCl + BaSO4
 Formation of CuSO4 from CuSO4.5H2O on heating is a physical change because it
forms again CuSO4.5H2O on hydration of CuSO4.

Procedure :
 Burning of magnesium in air : Take a strip of magnesium ribbon and clean it
by rubbing with sand paper. Hold it by a pair of tongs and bring it in contact with
the flame of a burner. Collect the white powder formed in a test tube. Dissolve it in
distilled water and test the solution with red litmus paper.
 Observations and inference : Magnesium burns in air with a bright
white flame to form magnesium oxide. It dissolves in water to form
magnesium hydroxide. Magnesium hydroxide turns red litmus to blue
showing that it is basic in nature. The reaction is a combination reaction.
2Mg + O2 2MgO
 Heating of copper sulphate crystal : Take some copper sulphate crystal in a
china dish and heat it over a burner.
  Observations and inference : Copper sulphate crystal (CuSO4.5H2O)
loses the water of crystallization and forms bluish white coloured
monohydrated Copper sulphate (CuSO4.H2O). Further on heating forms
white coloured anhydrous Copper sulphate (CuSO4). The heating of copper
sulphate crystal is a physical change because on hydration anhydrous copper
sulphate (CuSO4) becomes into copper sulphate crystal (CuSO4.5H2O).
CuSO4.5H2O 373 K CuSO4.H2O 523 K CuSO4

 Iron with copper sulphate solution : Take some copper sulphate solution
(blue) in a test tube. Put a clean iron nail into it and observe after 10 to 15 minutes.
 Observations and inference : A reddish brown coating of copper is
formed over the iron nail and the blue colour of the solution changes into
light green due to the formation of iron sulphate. Since iron is more reactive
than copper, it displaces copper from copper sulphate solution. The reaction
is a displacement reaction.
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
 Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid : Take some zinc granules in a test tube. Add
some dilute sulphuric acid to it. Bring a burning match stick near the mouth of the
test tube.
 Observations and inference : Zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to
form zinc sulphate and hydrogen. The gas burns with a pop sound because
hydrogen is highly inflammable. Since zinc is more reactive than hydrogen, it
displaces hydrogen from dilute sulphuric acid. The reaction is a displacement
reaction.
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
 Sodium sulphate solution with barium chloride solution : Take some
sodium sulphate solution in one test tube and some barium chloride solution in
another test tube. Mix the two solutions in a conical flask. Stir the mixture with a
glass rod and leave it undisturbed for some time.
 Observations and inference : Sodium sulphate reacts with barium
chloride to form a white precipitate of barium sulphate and a clear solution
of sodium chloride. The reaction is a double displacement reaction.
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 2NaCl + BaSO4
Precautions :
 The test tubes and conical flask should be clean and dry.
 The surface of the magnesium ribbon and iron nails should be cleaned with sand
paper.
 Magnesium ribbon should be held by using a pair of tongs.
 Test tubes should be held by test tube holder while heating.
 EXPERIMENT No. - 5A

Aim : To prepare stained temporary mounts of onion peel and record observations &
draw labeled diagram.

Materials required : Onion, Slide, Cover slip, Watch glass or Petri dish, Forceps,
Needle, Brush, Blade, Safranin stain, Blotting paper, Water, Glycerin, Compound
microscope etc.

Theory : Cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms. A plant cell has
an outer rigid cell wall made up of cellulose, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, a nucleus, a
large vacuole, and a number of plastids.

Procedure :
 Take a fleshy leaf from the onion and with the help of a forceps pull a thin
transparent peel from its lower surface.
 Put the peel in a watch glass or Petri dish containing water.
 Add a few drops of safranin stain to the peel and keep it for a few minutes.
 Then transfer the peel to a clean slide with the help of a brush and needle and cut it
to a suitable size with the help of a blade or scissors.
 Remove the excess stain with a blotting paper.
 Add a drop of glycerin over the peel and put a cover slip over it gently with the help
of a needle. Care should be taken to avoid the entry of air bubbles.
 Wipe the excess glycerin with the help of a blotting paper.
 Observe the slide under a microscope – first under low power and then under high
power.

Observations : A large number of rectangular shaped cells are seen lying side by side.
Each cell has a cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus and a large vacuole and plastids.

Precautions :
 Do not add excess stain to the peel.
 Folding the peel should be avoided.
 The peel should be mounted in the centre of the slide.
 The cover slip should be put gently with the help of a needle to avoid air bubbles.

Fig : Onion peel cells as seen under a microscope

 EXPERIMENT No. - 5B

Aim : To prepare stained temporary mounts of human cheek cells record observations &
draw labeled diagrams.

Materials required : Slide, Cover slip, Watch glass or Petri dish, Forceps, Needle,
Brush, Blade, Methylene blue stain, Blotting paper, Water, Glycerin, Sterilized tooth pick,
Compound microscope etc.

Theory : Cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms. An animal cell
has an outer cell membrane, cytoplasm, a nucleus and smaller vacuoles.

Procedure :
 Take a clean and sterilized tooth pick and scrap the inner side of the cheek to get
some epithelial cells.
 Put the scrapings on a clean slide and spread it with a needle.
 Add a drop of water and 2-3 drops of methylene blue for staining.
 After two minutes remove the excess stain with a blotting paper and add a drop of
glycerin on the slide.
 Put a cover slip over it gently with the help of a needle. Care should be taken to
avoid the entry of air bubbles.
 Wipe the excess glycerin with the help of a blotting paper.
 Observe the slide under a microscope – first under low power and then under high
power.

Observations : A large number of flat irregular shaped cells having cell membrane,
cytoplasm and nucleus are seen.

Precautions :
 Scrapping of the cheek should be done carefully.
 Tooth pick should be clean and sterilized to avoid infection.
 Avoid using excess stain.
 The cover slip should be put gently with the help of a needle to avoid air bubbles.
Fig : Human cheek cells as seen under a microscope
 EXPERIMENT No. - 6A

Aim : To identify parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues in plants from prepared slides
and to draw their labeled diagrams.

Materials required : Permanent slides of parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues in

plants, compound microscope.

Theory : Tissue is a group of cells similar in structure and function.

 Plant tissues are of two main types. They are Meristematic tissues and Permanent
tissues.
 Meristematic tissues are of three types. They are Apical meristematic tissues,
Intercalary meristematic tissues and Lateral meristematic tissues.
 Permanent tissues are of two types. They are Simple permanent tissues and
Complex permanent tissues.
 Simple permanent tissues are of three types. They are Parenchyma,
Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma.
 Complex permanent tissues are of two types. They are Xylem and phloem.

Procedure : Observe the slides under the low power of a compound microscope and
draw labeled diagrams.

Observations :
 Parenchyma tissue :
 The cells are round or oval in shape.
 They are thin walled.
 They are loosely packed and have intercellular spaces.
 They have nucleus, cytoplasm and vacuole.
 They are living cells.

 Sclerenchyma tissue :
 They are generally polygonal in shape.
 They are thick walled due to the presence of lignin.
 They are closely packed without intercellular spaces.
 They are dead cells.

Precautions :
 Slides should be held by the edges.
 Observations should be made under low power and if needed under high power.
 Microscope should be handled with care.
Fig : T.S. of Parenchyma Fig : L.S. of Parenchyma

Fig : T.S. of Sclerenchyma Fig : L.S. of Sclerenchyma

 EXPERIMENT No. - 6B

Aim : To identify striped (striated or skeletal) muscle fibers and nerve cells in animals
from prepared slides and to draw their labeled diagrams.

Materials required : Permanent slides of striped (striated or skeletal) muscle fibres

and nervous tissue in animals, compound microscope.

Theory : Animal tissues are of four main types. They are Epithelial tissue, Muscular
tissue, Connective tissue and Nervous tissue.
 Epithelial tissues are of different types. They are Squamous, Columnar, Cuboidal,
Glandular etc.
 Muscular tissues are of three types. They are Striated, Unstriated and Cardiac.
 Connective tissues are of different types. They are Blood, Bone, Ligaments,
Tendons, Cartilage, Areolar, Adipose etc.
 Nervous tissue consists of nerve cells called neurons.

Procedure : Observe the slides under the low power of a compound microscope and
draw labeled diagrams.

Observations :
 Striated muscular tissue :
 Slide shows long cylindrical fibres.
 Each muscle fibre is surrounded by a membrane called sarcolemma.
 The fibres show alternate light and dark striations.
 The fibres are multinucleated.
 Nerve cells (Neurons) :
 Each cell has a cell body called cyton containing cytoplasm and nucleus.
 The cyton has projections called dendrons which are further divide into
dendrites.
 The cyton has a long fibre called axon having nerve endings.
 The axon has a covering called myelin sheath.
 The junction between two neurons is called synapse.

Precautions :
 Slides should be held by the edges.
 Observations should be made under low power and if needed under high power.
 Microscope should be handled with care.

Axon

Nucleus

Dendrites

Neuroglia
Fig : Nervous tissue
 EXPERIMENT No. - 07

Aim : To separate the components of sand, common salt and ammonium chloride by
sublimation.

Materials required : Glass funnel, china dish, tripod stand, wire gauze bunsen
burner, beaker, filter paper, iron stand, cotton wool, sand, common salt, ammonium
chloride, distilled water etc.

Theory : Filtration is the process of separating insoluble substances from a solution

using a filter (filter paper). The insoluble substance left in the filter paper is called residue
and the clear solution which passes out of the filter paper is called filtrate.
 Sublimation is the process by which by which a solid directly changes into gas on
heating and a gas changes directly into solid on cooling without passing through the
liquid state. The residue formed from the gaseous state is called sublimate.

Procedure :
 Separation of ammonium chloride :
 Take the mixture of sand common salt and ammonium chloride in a china dish
and keep it on wire gauze kept on a tripod stand.
 Invert a glass funnel over the china dish and close the end of the funnel with
some cotton wool.
 Heat the china dish with a bunsen burner. Dense white fumes of ammonium
chloride starts coming from the mixture which cools and condenses inside the
funnel.
 Continue heating till no more fumes are formed. Then stop heating and allow the
mixture to cool.
 Remove the funnel and scrap the ammonium chloride into a piece of paper.
 The mixture of sand and common salt is left in the china dish.
 Separation of sand :
 Transfer the mixture of sand and common salt into a beaker. Add about 20ml of
distilled water to it and stir it with a glass rod.
 Fix a filter paper in a funnel and fix the funnel to a stand and keep a beaker
below the funnel.
 Pour the mixture into the funnel. Sand is left in the filter paper and salt solution
collects in the beaker.
 Remove the filter paper and allow it to dry in sunlight. The water evaporates
and sand is left in the filter paper.
 Separation of common salt :
 Transfer the filtrate containing salt solution into a china dish and keep it on a
wire gauze over a tripod stand.
 Heat the mixture with a bunsen burner.
 The water boils and evaporates and common salt is left in the china dish.

Precautions :
 All the glass apparatus should be clean and dry.
 Do not heat the contents on a high flame.
 Prepare solutions in distilled water only.
 cotton wool

Inverted funnel

Ammonium chloride
solidified Ammonium chloride
vapours

china dish Mixture of

Ammonium chloride
and common salt

Burner

Fig : Sublimation process

Fig : Filtration process

 china dish
Mixture of common wire gauze
salt and water stand
Burner

Fig : Evaporation process

 EXPERIMENT No. – 08A

Aim : To determine the melting point of ice.

Materials required : Beaker, Laboratory thermometer, Iron stand, Ice cubes

prepared from distilled water.

Theory :
 Melting point of a solid is the fixed temperature at which a solid changes into its
liquid state.
 The temperature at which pure ice melts to form water is called melting point of ice.
 The melting point of ice decreases if pressure is applied on it.
 The melting point of ice decreases if soluble substances like common salt is added to
it.
 The amount of heat required to change 1 kg of ice into water at its melting point is
called the latent heat of fusion of ice.

Procedure :
Take some ice cubes in a beaker.
Suspend a laboratory thermometer by its hook from an iron stand.
Adjust the clamp of the stand such that the bulb of the thermometer is completely
surrounded by the ice.
 When the mercury level in the thermometer is stationary, note the temperature.
Note the temperature two more times at an interval of one minute each.
Observations :
Sl. No. Time in minutes Temperature in oC
1 0
2 1
3 2
Result : The melting point of ice is ------- oC.

Precautions :
 The bulb of the mercury should be completely surrounded by ice.
 Record the temperature only when the mercury level is stationary.
 Use good quality thermometer.

Thread
Stand
 EXPERIMENT No. – 08B

Aim : To determine the boiling point of water.

Materials required : Round bottom flask, Two holed cork, Laboratory thermometer,
Bent glass tube, Iron stand, Wire gauze, Tripod stand, Bunsen burner, Distilled water.

Theory :
 The temperature at which a liquid changes into its gaseous state is called its boiling
point.
 The temperature at which pure water boils is called its boiling point.
 The boiling point of water increases with increase in pressure.
 The boiling point of water increases if soluble substances like common salt is added
to it.
 The amount of heat required to change 1 kg of water into its vapour at its boiling
point is called the latent heat of vaporization.
Procedure :
 Take some distilled water in a round bottom flask and fix it to an iron stand.
 Fix a doubled holed cork to the flask and fix a laboratory thermometer in one hole
and a bent glass tube in the other hole. The bulb of the thermometer should dip in
the water.
 Keep wire gauze on a tripod stand and keep the flask over it.
 Heat the water with a bunsen burner.
 When the water starts boiling, the level of mercury in the thermometer remains
stationary. Note the temperature. Note the temperature two more times at an
interval of one minute each.
Observations :
Sl. No. Time in minutes Temperature in oC
1 0
2 1
3 2
Result : The boiling point of water is ------ oC.

Precautions :
 The bulb of the mercury should be dipped in the water.
 Record the temperature only when the mercury level is stationary.
 Use good quality thermometer.
EXPERIMENT No. - 09
 EXPERIMENT No. - 10

Aim : To determine the mass percentage of water imbibed by raisins.

Materials required : Raisins, water, Petridis/beaker, Blotting paper/Filter paper,

Balance for weighing etc.

Theory :
 Osmosis : The movement of a liquid or solvent from a region of higher
concentration to a lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane is
called osmosis.
 Endosmosis : It is the inflow of a liquid or solvent (water) through a semi-
permeable membrane. It causes swelling or increase in volume.
 Exosmosis : It is the outflow of a liquid or solvent (water) through a semi-
permeable membrane. It causes shrinkage or decrease in volume.
 Diffusion : It is the movement of substances from a higher concentration to a
lower concentration.
 Plasmolysis : When a living cell is put in a solution of higher concentration, the
cell shrinks. This process is called plasmolysis.

Procedure :
 Take about 5 g of raisins (dry grapes) and note its weight (W1 g).
 Put the raisins in a Petridis and add some water to it so that the raisins are fully
immersed in it. Keep it for 3-4 hours. The raisins swell up.
 Then take out the swollen raisins and dry them with the help of blotting paper or
filter paper.
 Note the weight of the swollen raisins (W2g).

Observations : Due to endosmosis water enters into the raisins and it swells up and its
size increases.

Calculations and result :

Initial weight of raisins = W1 g
Final weight of raisins = W2 g
Increase in weight = (W2 – W1) g = W g
Water absorbed = W g

Percentage of water absorbed = (Increase in weight x 100)/Initial weight

= (W x 100)/W1 %

Precautions :
 Raisins should be clean.
 Raisins should be completely immersed in water.
 Raisins should be soaked in water for sufficient time.
 Gently dry the swollen raisins with filter paper before weighing.
Dry raisins swollen raisins
Water

Petridis
 LIST OF PRACTICALS
CLASS – IX
SECOND TERM

1. To verify laws of reflection of sound.

2. To determine the density of solid (denser than water) by using a spring

balance and a measuring cylinder.

3. To establish the relation between the loss in weight of a solid when fully
immersed in (a) tap water.
(b) strongly salty water with the weight of water displaced by it by
taking at least two different solids.

4. To observe and compare the pressure exerted by a solid iron cuboid on

sand while resting on its three different faces and to calculate the pressure
exerted in the three different cases.

5. To determine the velocity of a pulse propagated through a stretched

string/slinky.

6. To study the characteristic of spirogyra/Agaricus, Moss/Fern, Pinus (either

with male or female cone) and an Angiospermic plant. Draw and give two
identifying features of groups they belong to.

7. To observe and draw the given specimens- earthworm, cockroach, bony fish
and bird. For each specimen record
(a) one specific feature of its phylum.
(b) one adaptive feature with reference to its habitat.

8. To verify the law of conservation of mass in a chemical reaction.

9. To study the external features of root, stem, leaf and flower of monocot and
dicot plants.

10. To study the lifecycle of mosquito.

EXPERIMENT No. - 05
 Mr. P. K. Singh
TGT (Science)
KV AFS Bamrauli, Allahabad
prshttmsngh@gmail.com