COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Department of Engineering Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry

_____________________________________
CABALLERO, DARYL T. _______________
10/22/21
Family Name First Name Middle Initial Date Submitted

BSCE – 1
____________________________________
M21 2 _______________
ENGR. DANGIN, ROSARIO G.
Course & Year Section Group Instructor
Number

Experiment No. __7__

WATER: ITS PROPERTIES AND PURIFICATION

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Title of the Experiment

I. Objective/s:
• 1. To identify the physical and chemical properties of water
• 2. To determine some important uses of water
• 3. To determine how to soften hard water
• 4. To perform different methods of purifying water
II. Apparatus:
10 22mm test tube test tube holder
test tube rack 1 10mL graduated cylinder
2 250mL beakers funnel
4 125mL beakers stirring rod
evaporating dish crucible tong
 improvised distillation set-up distillation set-up
beaker Erlenmeyer flask
Test tube adapter
rubber tubing condenser
suction flask distilling flask
cork thermometer
Bunsen burner test tube clamp
clay flame shield wire gauze
wire gauze iron ring
Iron stand
Bunsen burner

Materials:
copper 30mL detergent solution
litmus papers dilute ammonium hydroxide solution
filter paper lime water
ink/food coloring ferric chloride solution
blue vitriol crystals concentrated nitric acid solution
Glauber’s salt 500mL colored water
anhydrous calcium chloride sodium carbonate solution
solid barium chloride turbid water
solid potassium chromate alum solution
starch standardized soap solution
 III. Procedures and Observations

Efflorescence and Deliquescence

On one side of a watch glass, sprinkle a pinch of Glauber's salt, and on the other,
sprinkle a pinch of anhydrous calcium chloride. Take note of any changes after 5 to 10
minutes. Upon observing, the glauber's salt solidifies or moistens while the anhydrous
calcium chloride liquifies.

Detection of Water in a Hydrate

In an evaporating dish, place 0.5 grams of blue vitriol or copper (II) sulfate. Set up
a wire gauze, a lit Bunsen burner, and a clay flame barrier. Slowly heat the blue vitriol
and see the color change. Remove it from the fire after the color has changed and let it
to cool. 5 droplets of water, observe the change in color. As the blue vitriol absorbs more
heat after being heated for a few minutes, it tends to turn white or light blue to white.
When you add water to it, it returns to its natural color.

Uses of Water

Mix 0.5 grams of BaCl2 and K2CrO4 in a dry test tube. Shake the test tube to see
if anything changes. When Potassium Chromate is added to Barium Chloride, the shape
does not change, but the color changes to a bright yellow.

Shake in 5 mL of water to the mixture. Observe. Allow it to sit for 5 to 10 minutes

before checking it again. Write the balanced chemical equation if there is a chemical
reaction. As water is added, the mixture becomes yellow. Three colors settled, the yellow
material settles to the bottom, the lighter yellow at the middle, and clear liquid at the top
of the test tube after many minutes.

In a test tube, put 1 mL pure HNO3. In the test tube, place a piece of copper wire.
Observe. Write the balanced chemical equation if there is a chemical reaction. The color
of the copper wire turns to blue when it is immersed in the strong nitric acid solution.

In another test tube, place 2 mL of water. Add 1 mL of concentrated HNO3 and

drop a piece of copper wire. There are no changes have been observed.
Hydrolysis

Boil 25 mL of water in a small beaker. 5 mL FeCl3 solution is added. Take notice

of the color shifts. The ferric chloride solution is poured to the hot water as it boils. The
hue of the substance changes from bright yellow to dark orange to crimson when it is
administered drop by drop.

Boil for a few minutes longer. Remove the solution from the heat and compare the
color before and after heating. The solution is pale yellow before it is heated, and it
changes to a dark orange to red color once it is boiled because of the continuous dropping
of ferric chloride solution.

Surface Tension:

Fill a beaker halfway with colored water (100 mL). Dust the surface with a teaspoon
of flour. As the flour is scattered into the colored water, it integrates completely and
disperses throughout the colored water inside the beaker, resulting in a starchy or creamy
appearance.

Add one drop of liquid detergent. When the detergent was put into the flour that
didn't mix with the water that remained at the top of the water, it just formed a hole where
the detergent was dropped through. The circle produced by the second drop of detergent
generates a break that goes to the first hole and joins, creating a branch of cracks drop
by drop.

Diffusion

Fill a beaker halfway with water (200 mL). Put some food coloring on the water's
surface. Each drop of food color into the water generates a halo-like structure or
configuration as the food color strives to reach the bottom of the water.

Purification of Water

Fill two Erlenmeyer flasks with 5 mL of turbid water. To one flask, add 10 mL alum
solution. Drop by drop, dilute NH4OH until the solution is basic. Using blue litmus paper,
do a test. In an acidic solution, blue litmus paper turns red, whereas red litmus paper turns
blue in a basic solution.

Using a filter, separate the fundamental solution from the rest. In the other flask,
compare the filtrate to the turbid water. The water in the other flask has a muddy shade
or color appearance, but the filtered basic solution is a bright white clear liquid.

Fill one beaker with 5 mL of hard water (tap water) and another with 10 mL of hard
water. Add 1 mL soap solution to the beaker with 5 mL water. Shake and observe if there
are any changes in color or formation of precipitate. It took on a creamy or soapy
appearance after the configuration.
 Drop lime water into the beaker holding 10 mL hard water until precipitates
develop. Continue to add until no more precipitate forms. To precipitate the surplus lime
water, add 5 drops of Na2CO3 solution. Filter the mixture. To the filtrate, add 1 mL of
soap solution. Compare the findings to those of process number three. The color of both
solutions is almost identical.

Distillation

Set up a laboratory distillation apparatus. Examine the distillation set up. Identify
each part and their functions. Bunsen Burner - a heating device used in laboratory
experiments to provide heat. Wire Gauze - It supports the distillation flask while it is being
heated. Iron stand, clamp, and ring – to supports the distilling flask. Thermometer - with
a great degree of precision, measures the temperature or temperature changes.
Condenser - to condense hot vapors into liquids during distillation. Adapter - during
distillation, a tube was constructed by attaching to the condenser and leading liquids from
the condenser to a receiving flask. Erlenmeyer Flask - used for the storing and mixing of
chemicals in a laboratory setting. Rubber Tubing - It can be used to connect other pieces
of lab equipment or as a cold-water input and exit from the condenser. Test Tube Clamp
- used to keep test tubes in place while heating or conducting experiments.

Pour 500 mL of colored into a water into a 1000 mL distilling flask with the aid of a
funnel. Heat gently at a uniform rate until a distillate is produced. Take note of the
difference in color of the distillate and the water inside the distilling flask. Examine the
improvised distillation set up. Identify each part and their functions. In the end, the colored
water heated from the yellow distilling flask transforms into a clear liquid in the Erlenmeyer
flask. Bunsen Burner- used to provide heat, a heating device in laboratory experiments.
Wire Gauze - It supports the distillation flask while it is being heated. Clay Flame Shield -
while heating, it's utilized to insulate the Bunsen burner flame from the environment and
support materials. Beaker- used as a receptacle for solid and liquid substances. Test
Tube – it is used for reacting chemicals and heating small amounts of liquids or solids
using a Bunsen burner or alcohol burner. Rubber Tubing - from the condenser, it serves
as a cold-water input and outflow. Glass Tubing - It can be used to link other pieces of
lab equipment or to offer a cold water exit and intake.
 IV. Results and Discussion

Deliquescence is the process by which a material collects moisture from the air
until it dissolves and forms a solution in the absorbed water (www.britannica.com, 2014).
When the vapor pressure of the solution produced is smaller than the partial pressure of
water vapor in the air, deliquescence happens. Efflorescence is the spontaneous loss of
water by a hydrated salt when the hydrate's aqueous vapor pressure exceeds the partial
pressure of water vapor in the air (www.britannica.com, 2020). The glauber's salt solidifies
or moistens while the anhydrous calcium chloride liquifies. The chemical responsible for
efflorescence is Glauber's salt, also known as sodium sulphate decahydrate. Na2SO4.
10H2O is the chemical formula. The material that induces and undergoes deliquescence
is anhydrous calcium chloride (CaCl2) with the chemical formula CaCl2.

A hydrate is a material that contains liquid in the form of H2O molecules, usually
but not always with a particular water content by proportion (Kauffman, George B., 2021).
Hydrates are crystalline solids that lose their essential characteristics when the water that
binds them is removed. When detecting water in a hydrate, the blue vitriol tends to turn
white or light blue to white as it absorbs more heat after being heated for a few minutes.
It returns to its natural hue when you add water to it.

When Potassium Chromate is introduced to Barium Chloride in Uses of Water, the

shape remains the same, but the color changes to a brilliant yellow. The mixture in the
experiment becomes yellow when more water is added. After many minutes, three colors
settled: yellow material at the bottom, lighter yellow in the center, and clear liquid at the
top of the test tube. When copper wire is submerged in a strong nitric acid solution, its
color changes to blue.

Using a water molecule and an enzymatic catalyst, hydrolysis processes break

down polymers into monomers. (https://chem.libretexts.org, 2021). The ferric chloride
solution is put into boiling water during hydrolysis. When the chemical is delivered drop
by drop, the color shifts from bright yellow to dark orange to crimson. Because of the
continual dropping of ferric chloride solution, the solution is light yellow before it is heated,
and it transforms to a dark orange to red hue after it is boiled.

Surface Tension is a term used to describe the tension between two surfaces. The
flour dissolves fully and disperses throughout the colored water within the beaker when it
is thrown into it, giving it a starchy or creamy look. When the detergent was dropped into
the flour, it didn't mix with the water that remained on top of the water, leaving just a hole
through which the detergent could pass. The second drop of detergent forms a circle,
which creates a break that connects to the first hole, forming a branch of fractures drop
by drop.
 Diffusion is a natural phenomenon that occurs as a result of random thermal
movements between two particles (https://chem.libretexts.org, 2021). It may be defined
as the random movement of particles through space, caused by a concentration gradient
in most cases. Each drop of food color into the water creates a halo-like shape or
configuration as it tries to reach the bottom of the water in the experiment.

Unwanted chemical compounds, organic and inorganic elements, and biological

pollutants are removed from water during the purification process (Britannica). In the
experiment, blue litmus paper turns red in an acidic solution, whereas red litmus paper
turns blue in a basic solution. The water in the other flask has a murky hue or color after
filtering the basic solution, while the filtered basic solution is a dazzling white transparent
liquid. After the setup, it had a creamy or soapy look. The colored water heated from the
yellow distilling flask turns into a clear liquid in the Erlenmeyer flask after evaluating the
makeshift distillation setup.
 V. Significance of the Experiment

Water is a bland, colorless liquid. Water molecules contain a lot of hydrogen

bonding, which gives it strange characteristics when it's condensed. High melting and
boiling points result as a result of this. Water has a higher specific heat, thermal
conductivity, surface tension, dipole moment, and other properties than other liquids.
These characteristics account for its importance in the biosphere. Because water is a
good solvent, it aids in the movement of ions and molecules needed for metabolism. It
has a high latent heat of vaporization, which aids in body temperature control.

It is highly necessary for the continuance of life to determine why some important
uses of water are incredibly significant. Water is the source of all life. As a result, every
choice and action performed on the sea is critical. It is really crucial. Man is, in the
perspective, at the core of nature. Given the world's limited water resources and the
dangers it faces, assessing it as a full medium might result in unfavorable outcomes. Not
only for people, but for all living creatures, water is a necessity. The demand for water,
whose consumption regions are expanding as people's lifestyles change, is growing by
the day.

In order to figure out how to soften hard water, the quantity of calcium and
magnesium in water is the primary determinant of its hardness. Hard water is caused by
high amounts of these and other minerals. Water softening systems operate by lowering
the mineral content in the water. Soft water, rather than having higher amounts of calcium
and magnesium, has a larger concentration of sodium, or salt.

Clean water is vital for every human being, and by utilizing a water purification
system, anyone can ensure that the water in the house is always safe, sustainable, and
devoid of disagreeable taste and odor. Despite the fact that access to safe drinking water
should be a basic human right, a growing number of places are experiencing drinking
water shortages. Access to clean and safe water is a problem that affects all countries,
not just poor ones.
 VI. References

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopedia. "Deliquescence". Encyclopedia Britannica, 27

Jan. 2014, https://www.britannica.com/science/deliquescence. Accessed 22 October
2021.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopedia. "Efflorescence". Encyclopedia Britannica, 22

Sep. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/science/efflorescence. Accessed 22 October
2021.

Kauffman, George B.. "Hydrate". Encyclopedia Britannica, 9 Apr. 2021,

https://www.britannica.com/science/hydrate. Accessed 22 October 2021.

Diffusion. (2021, June 15). from https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/1392

Hydrolysis. (2021, March 6). from, https://bio.libretexts.org/@go/page/12684