COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Department of Engineering Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry

Mendoza Adrian A. 10/21/2021

Course & Year Section Group Date Submitted
Number
BSCE – 1 M15 5 Mrs. Dangin
Family Name First Name Middle Initial Instructor

Experiment No. 7 ︎ ︎

WATER: ITS PROPERTIES AND PURIFICATION

I. Objectives:
1. To identify the physical and chemical properties of water
2. To determine some important uses of water
3. To determine how to soften hard water
4. To perform different methods of purifying water

II. Apparatus:
10 22mm test tube test tube holder
test tube rack 1 10mL graduated cylinder
2 250mL beakers funnel
4 125mL beakers stirring rod
evaporating dish crucible tong
 improvised distillation set-up distillation set-up
beaker Erlenmeyer flask
Test tube adapter
rubber tubing condenser
suction flask distilling flask
Cork thermometer
Bunsen burner test tube clamp
Clay flame shield wire gauze
Wire gauze iron ring
Iron stand
Bunsen burner
III. Materials:
Copper 30mL detergent solution
Litmus papers dilute ammonium hydroxide solution
Filter paper lime water
Ink/food coloring ferric chloride solution
Blue vitriol crystals concentrated nitric acid solution
Glauber’s ︎salt 500mL colored water
Anhydrous calcium chloride sodium carbonate solution
Solid barium chloride turbid water
Solid potassium chromate alum solution
Starch standardized soap solution
IV. Procedure and Observation

The apparatus and materials to be used in the experiment were prepared

and introduced. The first procedure was efflorescence and deliquescence. A pinch
of Glauber’s salt and pinch of anhydrous calcium chloride was placed side by side
on a watch glass and were left for 5-10 minutes. The Glauber’s salt clumped
together with powdery appearance while the anhydrous calcium chloride became
watery and was clumped.

Second was the detection of water in a hydrate 0.5 grams of blue vitriol or
copper (II) sulfate was placed in an evaporating dish. The blue vitriol was heated
slowly and the change in color was noted. After the color has changed, it was
removed from the heat. 5 drops of water was added. Upon heating the blue vitriol,
it became a colorless/sky blue powder, and when water was added, it turned back
to its original blue color.

Third was the uses of water, 0.5 grams each of BaCl 2 and K2CrO4 was mixed
in a dry test tube. The test tube was then shaken. The barium chloride clumped
together while the potassium remained the same. After, 5 mL of water was added
to the mixture and shaken. After 10 minutes, a reaction occurred. The yellow
barium chromate (BaCrO4) sank at the bottom or precipitates at the bottom of the
test tube. 1 mL concentrated HNO3 was placed in a test tube. A piece of copper
wire was dropped into the test tube. Bubbles formed at the surface to the copper
wire and a brown gas was released inside the test tube. The solution became blue
as well. 2 mL of water was placed in another test tube 1 mL of concentrated HNO 3
and a piece of copper wire was added. Nothing much happened when the copper
was dropped into the solution of water and nitric acid.

Fourth procedure was hydrolysis. 25 mL of water was boiled in a small

beaker, and 5mL FeCl2 solution was added after, The color turned into brownish
and then into a reddish color. The water was boiled for a few minutes. The water
was removed after. After boiling, the solution is much darker in color and absorbs
water unlike the water before boiling.

The fifth procedure was surface tension. A beaker was filled with 100 mL of
colored water. A teaspoon of flour was sprinkled onto the surface. The flour stayed
on the water surface covering it like a blanket. One drop of detergent was added.
This caused the flour on the surface of the water to break.

The sixth procedure was diffusion. A beaker was filled with 200 mL of water
and some food coloring was dropped onto the surface of the water. The coloring
did not mix entirely to the water. It took time to diffuse and sank at bottom of the
water.
 The seventh procedure was the purification of water. 5 mL of turbid water
was placed into two Erlenmeyer flasks. 10 mL alum solution was added to one
flask. Dilute NH4OH was added drop until the solution is basic. It was then tested
using a blue litmus paper. At first, the solution was still acidic as indicated by the
litmus paper that turned red, but by adding the dilute NH4OH drop by drop. It
formed a basic solution and turned the litmus paper into blue. The basic solution
was filtrated. The filtrate was clear unlike the turbid water which was cloudy and
dark. A beaker was filled with 5 mL hard water and another beaker with 10 mL
hard water. 1 mL soap solution was added to the beaker with 5 mL water and was
shaken. The 5 mL water added with soap solution became cloudy/opaque
compared to the other water which was clear. Lime water was added drop by drop
in the beaker containing 10 mL hard water until precipitates formed. It was added
until no more precipitate was formed. 5 drops Na2CO3 solution was added to
precipitate the excess limewater. The solution was filtrated, and 1 mL soap
solution was added to the filtrate. The filtrate became clear after the solution was
filtered. After the soap solution was added to the filtrate, it became cloudy as well
but much lighter than the previous solution. More bubbies were visible from it
unlike the other solution.

The last and eight procedure was distillation. A laboratory apparatus was
set-up and was examined. 500 mL of colored water was poured into a 1000 mL
distilling flask with the aid of a funnel. It was heat gently at a uniform rate until
a distillation in the improvised set-up, the colored water became clear as well and
was collected in a test tube.
V. Illustration:
VI. Results and Discussions:
The Glauber's salt releases water in a gaseous condition in process A. In the
vicinity of calcium chloride, there is aqueous water. Glauber's salt, with the chemical
formula Na2SO4 10H2O, is the material that underwent efflorescence (S). CaCl 2 or
calcium chloride is the material that went through deliquescence. When blue vitriol
was heated in process B, the color changed from light blue crystal to white crystal. It
was taken off the heat and cooled. When mixed with water, the hue changed from
white crystal to light blue crystal. A hydrate is a water-containing chemical. There was
no obvious reaction during the mixing of BaCl2 and K2CrO4 in process C. When this
mixture is mixed with water, it forms a yellow precipitate. It has the following chemical
formula: BaCl2(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) BaCrO4(s) + 2KCl (aq). During process C.3, the color
of the fluid changes to blue-green, and bubbles are visible. A brown gas was also seen
in the test tube. Its balanced chemical equation is 4HNO 3(l) + Cu(s) Cu(NO3)2(aq)
2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l), and no reaction occurred in process C.4. When FeCl3 solution is
added to water in process D, the solution turns yellow. The solution turns reddish-
brown after 5 minutes of continued heating. The color of the solution before heating
was yellow, after heating it becomes reddish-brown. It balanced chemical equation is
6H2O + FeCl3 → 2Fe(OH)3 + 6HCl. In process E, the flour floated on the surface of the
colored water. Following the droplets of detergent soap, there was a disruption in the surface
tension of the water, causing part of the flour to sink and mix with water. In process F, the
droplets of food coloring were combined with water after being equally scattered on the
beaker. In process G, when turbid water was mixed with alum solution, an acidic solution was
generated, and when NH4OH was added drop by drop, the solution became basic. The filtrate
was clear, whereas the turbid had a precipitate hue. The color of the precipitate was changed
from translucent to white in process G.3. In method H, a colorful liquid is condensed back into
a clear liquid. Any colored water that is distilled becomes a clear liquid.
VII. Significance of Experiment:

In current times, government bodies often determine the quality to which

water must be cleansed. Government rules, whether imposed locally, nationally,
or internationally, often establish maximum amounts of dangerous contaminants
that can be allowed in safe water. Because it is practically impossible to assess
water solely based on appearance, numerous procedures, such as physical,
chemical, or biological tests, have been devised to test contamination levels. Some
of the usual indicators examined to measure water quality and pollution levels
include chloride, copper, manganese, sulfates, and zinc levels, microbial
pathogens, radioactive materials, and dissolved and suspended particles, as well
as pH, odor, color, and taste.

One of the primary goals of water filtration is to provide safe drinking water.
Water purification also serves the requirements for clean and potable water in
medical, pharmaceutical, chemical, and industrial applications. Contaminants such
as suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi are reduced
in concentration during the purifying process. Water purification occurs on a
variety of scales, ranging from big (e.g., for a whole city) to small (e.g., for
individual households). The majority of the water used in developed countries is
treated at water treatment plants. Although the procedures used in pre-treatment
vary depending on the size of the plant and the severity of the contamination,
these practices have been standardized to ensure general compliance with
national and international requirements. The majority of water is cleaned after
being pumped from its natural source or routed into holding tanks via pipelines.
The purification procedure begins once the water has been brought to a central
place.
VIII. Reference:

 https://aquaporin.com/why-purify-drinking-water/

 https://www.britannica.com/topic/water-purification

 https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/imotp.1886.21270

 https://www.jstor.org/stable/41232494