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INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
( Session 2021-22 )
AIM : Testing the hardness, presence of Iron, Fluoride, Chloride, etc.,
depending upon the regional variation in drinking water and study of
causes of presence of these ions above permissible limit .
Teacher’s Sign.
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the matter and ideas for this project has been
gathered independantly by my student , Hemang Jain of class XI B
Lancer’s Comvent School ; and is presented under my supervision .
This is also to clarify that this major Chemistry Project entitled to ‘Test
the hardness, presence of Iron, Fluoride, Chloride, etc., depending upon the
regional variation in drinking water and study of causes of presence of
these ions above permissible limit’is an authenticated record of the
student’s own work carried out by him under my guidance and
supervision .
This is also to clarify that this project has not been submitted to ny other
institute of education .
Teacher’s Sign
3
INDEX
Introduction
1 5
2 Aim 6
3 Material Required 6
4 Theory 7
5 Experimental Procedures 8
5 Observation 9
6 Result 9
7 Bibliography 10
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Introduction
Hardness of water is determined by concentration of multivalent cations present in
water. Hard water contains Ca2+ , Mg2+ ions.Hardness of water can be removed
by adding sodium carbonate to hard water .Sometimes salts are dangerous for
human health. Therefore, it is necessary to detect presence of these ions and
remove them to stay on safer side.
TEMPORARY HARDNESS:
Temporary hardness is due to the presence of biocarbonates of calcium and
magnesium. It can be easily removed by boiling.
PERMANENT HARDNESS:
Permanent hardness is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium
and magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
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Aim :- To determine the hardness, presence of iron, fluoride, chloride
depending upon the regional variationin drinking water and study of
causes of presence of these ions.
Theory
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HARD WATER : Water with very high mineral content is called hard water. Hard
water is when water percolates through deposits of chalk and limestone. We know
that limestone and chalk are made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates.
Experimental Procedure
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I. Determining Hardness Of Water :
Observations
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I. Determining Hardness Of Water :
Result
Presence of salt contents in different source of water is detected experimentally.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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