SNBP International School

Morwadi

Chemistry Investigatory Project

Case Study
Session: 2022-23

Submitted to : Komal Bandekar

Submitted by : Anupriya Kundu

Class : 11-D

Stream : Science (PCM)

 SNBP INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
MORWADI, PIMPRI, PUNE
CBSE AFFILIATION NO. 1130522

Certificate
This is to certify that,
Name of the Student ________________________________
Class _______________
Has successfully completed the project
Name of the Project _________________________________
Under the guidance and observation of
Name of the Teacher ________________________________
During the academic session 2022-2023, in the partial fulfilment of
Practical Examination conducted by AISSCE-2023.

Signature of the Teacher with Date _____________________________

Signature of the Principal with Date _____________________________

School Seal

Signature of the External Examiner _____________________________

 Acknowledgement
I, __________________________________________ (name)
student of SNBP International School, Morwadi, Pimpri, Pune;
affiliated to CBSE Board vide Affiliation No. 1130522; would like
to express my gratitude to the Institution for the support and
knowledge I received in the school. I feel in debt towards Principal
Sweta Paithankar Madam and my teacher___________________
________________ who gave me an opportunity to do the project
___________________________________________________
(name of project) I, once again thank the school for providing me all
the facilities and excellent education. I am also grateful to my friends
and family for their faith in me.

Thank You All!

Signature of Student ___________________________

Date __________________

Signature of the Receiver________________________

 Index

1. Objective ………………………….…………………………………………… 5

2. Theory …………….……………………………………………………………. 5

3. Materials required ..……………………………………………………… 8

4. Procedure .…………………………………………………………............ 9

a. To test hardness of different solutions …………… 9

b. To test presence of Iron in water …………………….. 10
c. To test presence of Chloride in water ………………. 11
d. To test presence of Fluoride in water ……………….. 12

5. Result ………………………………………………………………………… 13

6. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….. 13

7. Bibliography …………………………………………………………………. 13

Chemistry 4
 Objective

Testing the hardness, presence of iron, fluoride, chloride

depending upon the regional variation in drinking water and
study of causes of presence of these ions above permissible limit.

Theory

What is hardness of water?

Water hardness is the amount of dissolved calcium and
magnesium in the water.

Hard water is water that has high mineral content. Hard water is
formed when water percolates through deposits of limestone,
chalk or gypsum, which are largely made up of calcium and
magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates and sulfates.

Chemistry 5
How is hardness of water determined?
Hardness of water is determined by scum of the soap solution
which is called as saponification.

Types of hardness of water

The hardness of water can be classified into two types:

1. Temporary Hardness:

The presence of magnesium and calcium carbonates in water

makes it temporarily hard. In this case, the hardness in water can
be removed by boiling the water.

When we boil water the soluble salts of Mg(HCO3)2 is converted

to Mg(OH)2 which is insoluble and hence gets precipitated and is
removed. After filtration, the water we get is soft water.

2. Permanent Hardness:

When the soluble salts of magnesium and calcium are present in

the form of chlorides and sulphides in water, we call it permanent
hardness because this hardness cannot be removed by boiling.

We can remove this hardness by treating the water with washing

soda. Insoluble carbonates are formed when washing soda reacts
with the sulphide and chloride salts of magnesium and calcium
and thus, hard water is converted to soft water.

Chemistry 6
Hard water is formed when water pecolates through various
deposits of chalk and limestone.

Chemistry 7
 Materials Required

Apparatus

• Water sample
• Burette 25-30 ml
• Glass funnel
• Pipette 1ml
• Flask
• Dropper
• Measuring cylinder

Chemicals

• Soap Solution
• Calcium Chloride Solution
• Sodium Sulphate

Chemistry 8
 • Distilled Water
• Iron (II) Sulphate Solution
• Sodium Chloride
• Potassium Nitrate
• Magnesium Sulphate
• Ammonium Thiocyanate
• Sulphuric Acid
• Silver Nitrate
• Nitric Acid

Procedure

A. To test the hardness of different solutions

1. Take 8 test tubes and label them as ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’, ‘E’, ‘F’, ‘G’.
2. Add ten drops of the following in each test tube
• Test tube A: Distilled Water
• Test tube B: Calcium Chloride Solution
• Test tube c: Sodium Sulphate Solution
• Test tube D: Iron (II) Sulphate Solution
• Test tube E: Sodium Chloride Solution
• Test tube F: Potassium Nitrate Solution
• Test tube G: Magnesium Sulphate Solution

Chemistry 9
 3. Take out 50ml of soap solution in a small beaker
4. Pipette out about 5ml soap solution in each test tube
5. Close the mouth of each test tube with cork cork and shake
it vigorously.
6. Note which test tube contains a foamy lather and which do
not

Test tubes Solution Lather formed or not

1 Distilled water Yes

2 Calcium chloride No

3 Sodium sulphate Yes

4 Sodium chloride Yes

5 Potassium nitrate Yes

6 Magnesium sulphate No

7 Iron (II) sulphate Yes

B. To test presence of Iron in water

1. Take 5 ml water in a test tube. Add 2 drops of dilute H2SO4

2. Boil the contents and allow it to cool
3. Now, add 2-3 drops of ammonium thiocyanate (N𝐻𝐻4 SCN)

Observation

Appearance of orange colour indicates the presence of iron in

water.

Chemistry 10
C. To test presence of Chloride in water

1. Take 5 ml water in test tube. Add 2 drops of concentrated

HNO3 in it
2. Boil the contents of the test tube and allow it to cool
3. Now, add 2-3 drops of AgNO3 solution to it

Observation

Appearance of curdy precipitate indicates the presence of

chloride in water.

Chemistry 11
D. To test presence of Fluoride in water

1. Take 5 ml water in a test tube

2. Add water, silver nitrate and dilute nitric acid to it

Observation

No precipitate indicates presence of fluoride ion in water.

Chemistry 12
 Result

Presence of salt contents in different source of water is detected

experimentally.

Conclusion

Whether the tap water is hard water or soft water depends on the
level of Water contamination in our locality.

Tap water is generally considered as hard if calcium and

magnesium content is over 5 grains per gallon or 5gpg.

Bibliography

References from the internet

• www.byjus.com
• www.toppr.com
• www.mycbseguide.com
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.infinitylearn.com

Help from teachers and experiments done in Chemistry

laboratory.

Chemistry 13
Thank You.