Brown wood Public School

2022-2023
Chemistry investigatory project

Foaming Capacity
OF SOAP
Under the Guidance of Submitted by:-
Mr.Abdul Basit Mohd Wasi
12th ‘A’

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Foaming capacity
Of soap

Under the guidance of :- Submitted By :-

Mr.AbdulBasit Mohd Wasi
12th ‘A’

CONTENTS
Acknowledgement………………………………… 1
Certificate…………………………………………..2
Aim of the project………………………………….3
Introduction………………………………………..4
Theory………………………………………………5
Procedure……………………………………………6
Observation…………………………………………7
Calculations………………………………………….8
Conclusions…………………………………………..9
Bibliography………………………………………..10
 Acknowledgement
I,d like to express my greatest gratitude to the people who have
helped and supported me throughout my project. I’m grateful
to Mr. Abdul Basit for his continuous support for encouragement
to this day .
Special thanks for mine goes to my colleague who helped me in
completing the project by giving interesting ideas, thoughts and
made this project easy and accurate .
I wish to thanks my parents for their undivided support and
interest who inspired me and encouraged me to go my own way ,
without which I would be unable to complete my project . At last
but not the least I want to thanks my friends who appreciated me
for my work and motivated me and finally to god who made all
things possible…
 Certificate
This is to certify that ‘ Mohd Wasi ’ of class 12th has
satisfactorily completed the project on
‘Foaming Capacity Of Soap’ under the guidance of
‘Mr.Abdul Basit’ during the session 2022-2023

Student’s sign Teacher’s sign

 Aim

Study the effect of the addition of

Sodium Carbonate
( Washing Soda )
On the foaming capacity of different
Soap solutions

Introduction
soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty
acids like stearic , palmitic and oleic acids can be
either saturated or unsaturated. They contain a long
hydrocarbon chain of about 10-20 carbon with one
carboxylic acid group as the functional group. A soap
molecule a tadpole shaped structure , whose ends have
different polarities . At one end is the long
hydrocarbon chain that is non-polar and hydrophobic,
i.e., insoluble in water but oul soluble. At the other
end is the short polar carboxylate ion which is
hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but insoluble in oil and
grease .

When soap is shaken with water it becomes a soap

solution that is colloidal in nature. Agitating it tends
to concentrate the solution on the surface and causes
foaming. This helps the soap molecules make a
unimolecular film on the surface of water and to
penetrate the fabric . The long non-Polar end of a soap
molecule that are hydrophobic , gravitate towards and
surround the dirt (fat or oil dust absorbed in it). The
short polar end containing the carboxylate ion, face
the water away from the dirt. A number of soap
molecules surround or encircle dirt and grease in a
clustered structure called ‘micelles’ which encircles
such particles and emulsify them.

Cleansing action of soaps decreases in hard water.

Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions
which react with sodium carbonate to produce
insoluble carbonate of higher fatty acids.
2C17H35COONa +Ca2+ →  (C17H35COO) 2 Ca   +2Na+
(Water soluble) (PPt.)

2C17H35COONa + Mg2+ →  (C17H35COO) 2 Mg   +2Na+

This hardness can be removed by addition of sodium
Carbonate .
Ca2++ Na2CO3  →  CaCO3 + 2Na+
Mg2++ Na2CO3 →  MgCO3 + 2Na+
 Apparatus
3 Test tubes, Test tube stand, Bunsen burner and stop
watch

Materials Required:-
0.5 g sample of soap, water ( distilled and tap both )
and M/10 Na2CO3 solution.

Theory:-
When sodium or potassium soaps are put into water
containing calcium and magnesium ions
(Hard water), results in formation of scum which
applies grey appearance on the cloth. To achieve the
same washing or cleaning action, more soap must be
added.
2C17H35COONa +Ca2+ →(C17H35COO) 2 Ca   +2Na+
(Water soluble ) (PPt.)
Hard water is water that has high mineral content
(mainly calcium and magnesium ions ) ( in contrast
with soft water). Hard water minerals primarily
consist of calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) metal
cations, and sometimes other dissolved compounds
such as bicarbonates and sulphates. Calcium usually
enters the water as either calcium carbonate ( CaCO3),
in the form of other mineral deposits. When Na2CO3 is
added to tap water the calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium
(Mg2+) ions precipitate as their carbonates .i.e. foaming
capacity of soap increases,

Ca2++ Na2 CO3 →CaCO3  + 2Na+

Mg2++ Na2CO3 →MgCO3 + 2Na+

Procedure
1. Dissolve 0.5g of soap and dissolve it in 50 ml of
distilled water.
 2. Take three test tubes and add distilled water in first
, tap water in second and third test tube.

3. Add 5ml of M/10 sodium carbonate to third test

tube.

4. To above test tubes add soap solutions separately .

5. Now shake first tube for formation of foam

6. Now start the stop watch to calculate time taken for

disappearance of foam.

7. Similarly , perform the experiment with other soap

solutions.

8. Record the observations in a tabular form.

Observations
Amount of each soap sample taken = 0.5 gm.
Amount of distilled water taken = 50 ml.
Volume of each soap solution taken = 1 ml.
Volume of distilled water added = 10 ml.

s.no. water used Time taken

1. Distilled water 15’12’’
2. Tap water 8’45’’
3. Tap water + 5ml 13’24’’
M/10 Na2CO3

Conclusions :
Foaming capacity of soap is maximum is distilled water.
The foaming capacity of soap increases on the addition of
Sodium Carbonate.

Bibliography

Internet:
www.wikipedia.co.in
www.google.co.in
www.icbse.com

Books :
 Comprehensive practical chemistry