ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude and sincere thanks to the

principal Mrs Chithra for her encouragement and for all the
facilities provided for this project work

I extend my hearty thanks to Mrs Mayadevi chemistry teacher

who guided me to the successful completion of this project work. I
take this opportunity to express my gratitude for her invaluable
guidance, constant encouragement, constructive comments and
immense motivation which has sustained my efforts at all stages
of this project work.

Finally, my gratitude goes to my fellow mates who helped me to

carry out this project successfully and my parents for their
financial and moral support.
 INTRODUCTION
Soap is an anionic surfactant used in conjunction with water for
washing and cleaning, which historically comes either in solid
bars or in the form of a viscous liquid. Soap consists of sodium or
potassium salts of fatty acids and is obtained by reacting common
oils or fats with a strong alkali in a process known as
saponification. The fats are hydrolysed by the base, yielding alkali
salts of fatty acids (crude soap) and glycerol. The general formula
of soap is

CH3(CH2)nCOONa
Soaps are useful for cleaning because soap molecules have both
a hydrophilic end, which dissolves in water, as well as a
hydrophobic end, which is able to dissolve non polar grease
molecules. Applied toa soiled surface, soapy water effectively
holds particles in colloidal suspension so it can be rinsed off with
clean water. The hydrophobic portion (made up of a long
hydrocarbon chain) dissolves dirt and oils, the ionic end dissolves
in water. The resultant forms a round structure called micelle.
Therefore, it allows water to remove normally-insoluble matter by
emulsification. The washing ability of soap depends on foaming
capacity, as well as the water used in cleaning. The salts of Ca
and Mg disrupt the formation of micelle formation. The presence
of such salts makes the water hard and the water is called hard
water. These salts thus make the soap inefficient in its cleaning
action. Sodium Carbonate when added to hard water reacts with
Ca and Mg and precipitates them out. Therefore sodium
carbonate is used in treatment of hard water. This project aims at
finding the foaming capacity of various soaps and the action of Ca
and Mg salts on their foaming capacity.
 PRODUCTION OF
SOAPS

The most popular soap making process today is the cold process
method, where fats such as olive oil react with strong alkaline
solution, while some use the historical hot process. It is produced
by saponification or basic hydrolysis of a fat or oil.

Overall hydrolysis reaction:

Fat + NaOH Glycerol +Sodium salt of fatty acid.

The ester bonds in fat are broken. Glycerol turns back into
alcohol. The fatty acid portion turned into salt because of the
presence of basic solution of NaOH. In the carboxyl group,
oxygen now has a negative charge that attracts the positive
sodium ion
INVESTIGATION OF
FOAMING CAPACITY OF
SOAPS
AIM: To compare foaming capacities of different soaps

PRINCIPLE: Solutions of different soap samples produced by

dissolving equal weights of soap in equal volumes of water are
shaken vigorously and allowed to stand. Longer the time taken for
the foam to disappear greater is the foaming capacity.

APPARATUS: Four 100 ml conical flask, four test tubes, test

tube, stand, stop watch.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Distilled water, four different samples

of soap.

PROCEDURE

1. Take four 100ml conical flasks and number them 1,2,3,4. Put
50ml of water in each flask and add 2 gm of different soaps.

2.Warm the contents to get a solution.

3. Arrange the test tubes in the order 1 2 3 4. Take 1ml of the
soap solution and add 10 ml of water into each test tube. Shake
them vigorously for 1min. Do the same for all the test tube and
with equ force
.
4.Start the timer immediately and notice the rate of disappear and
of 2mm of froth.

DETERMINATION OF
FOAMING CAPACITY OF
SOAP
Amount of soap sample taken=2g

Volume of distilled water= 5ml

Volume of each soap solution taken= 1ml

Volume of distilled water added=10 ml

OBSERVATIONS:

S.NO SOAP SAMPLE TIME TAKEN

1 LUX 63
2 LIRIL 60
3 REXONA 78
4 CINTHOL 56

RESULT: Foaming capacities are in the order:

REXONA>LUX>LIRIL>CINTHOL
CONCLUSION:

lt has been found out that the soap for which time
taken for disappearance of foam is maximum has maximum
foaming capacity

EFFECT OF ADDITION OF
SODIUM CARBONATE
ON THE FOAMING
CAPACITY OF SOAPS
AIM:-
To study the effect of sodium carbonate on the foaming capacity
of soaps

PRINCIPLE: Distilled water does not contain any Ca or Mg ions

and these ions interfere in the foaming capacity of soaps. These
ions interact with soap to give insoluble salts of higher fatty acids
that get precipitated.

Ca + 2 C17H35COONa = (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2 Na

Thus in the presence of such ions foaming capacity decreases. If

sodium carbonate is added, Ca and Mg ions get precipitated as
their respective carbonates. Thus foaming capacity increases in
the presence of sodium carbonate.
CaCO3+2Na+Ca2++ Na2CO3 → CaCO3+2NMg2++
Na2CO3+2Na

Mg2++Na2CO3→MgCO3+2Na+
APPARATUS:

Conical flasks, stop watch, soap sample.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Soap solution, tap water, distilled water, M/10 Na2CO3 solution.

PROCEDURE:

1.Label three conical flasks as 1,2,3.

2. Add 1g of soap into each flask.

3.Add 10ml distilled water in flask 1,10ml tap water in flask 2 and
5mltapwater+5mlM/10Na2CO3 in flask 3. Then shake vigorously.
Note the time for disappearance of foam

OBSERVATIONS:
TEST TUBE WATER USED TIME TAKEN FOR
NO. DISAPPERANCE
1 10ml of distilled water 58
2 10ml of tap water 51
3 5ml tap water+5ml M/10 52

RESULT:
Foaming capacities are in the order;

DISTILLED WATER>TAP WATER+ Na2CO3 >TAP

WATER.
CONCLUSION:

Foaming capacity is maximum in distilled water, foaming capacity

of soap in tap water increases on adding sodium carbonate.
Hardness of water can be removed by adding washing soda.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
www.companyionchemistry.com

www.wikipedia.org.in

www.askme.com