Name: Sanket Mahesh Tomake

Roll Number: 665

Standard: XII

Subject: Chemistry

Guided By: Prof.Mane Sir, Prof.Gaiwal Sir

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 INDEX
Sr. No Title Page. No
1 Introduction 3
2 Information 4
3 Experiment 7
4 Uses 9
5 Acknowledgement 10
6 Bibliography 11

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 INTRODUCTION
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids like
stearic, palmitic and
Oleic acids can be either saturated or unsaturated. They contain a
long hydrocarbon chain of about 10-20 carbon with one carboxylic
acid group as the functional group.
A soap molecule a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have
different polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon chain that
is non-polar and Hydrophobic, i.e. insoluble in water but oil
soluble. At the other end is the short Polar carboxylate ion which
is hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but insoluble in oil and grease.

When soap is shaken with water it becomes a soap solution

that is colloidal in nature. Agitating it tends to concentrate the
solution on the surface and causes
foaming. This helps the soap molecules make a unimolecular film
on the surface of water and to penetrate the fabric. The long non-
polar end of a soap molecule that are hydrophobic, gravitate
towards and surround the dirt (fat or oil with dust
absorbed in it).
The short polar end containing the carboxylate ion, face the
water away from the dirt. A number of soap molecules surround
or encircle dirt and grease in a clustered structure called
'micelles', which encircles such particles and
emulsify them.

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 HOW REACTION OCCURS??

CLEANSING:

 Cleansing action of soaps decreases in hard water.

 Hard water contains Calcium and magnesium ions which
react with sodium carbonate to produce insoluble carbonates
of higher fatty acids.

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 FOAMING CAPACITY
The foaming capacity of soap is determined by how
much detergent is in it. Less detergent means little
foaming while more detergent will have more foam.

Why is the soap foam always

white?
There are two things at work, here: The first has to
do with way the light that is reflected. The spherical
bubbles reflect all colors, the achromatic sum of which is
white.

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 Factors affecting foaming capacity of
soap
 If calcium, iron and magnesium compounds are
dissolved in the water, the foaming capability will be
greatly restricted.
 Temperature is also a factor. Hot water creates more
foam than cold water.
 Motion of solvent. If water is moving a lot and
changing direction it will cause a great increase in
foam.

Effect of Addition of Sodium Carbonate

on
“Foaming capacity”

 Adding sodium carbonate to soap can affect the

activity of the soap in different manners in
presence of different types of water.
 For example in case of hard water it will
precipitate calcium carbonate and hence,
activity of soap will improve. But in presence of
fresh water it will reduce the inter-facial tension,
but bubbles of soap will not be formed.
 In presence of saline water addition of sodium
carbonate may increase pH resulting in scale
formation of calcium carbonate.
 However, in general the foaming capacity of
detergents is not affected to a very large extent
by addition of sodium carbonate.
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  Since the project is about the foaming capacity
of different soaps and the effect of sodium
carbonate on this property, it is better to avoid
other issues like the hardness of water.
 Excess sodium carbonate in soap will increase the pH of
water and also it softens water which results in more
foaming in water.

EXPERIMENT
AIM
Study the effect of the addition of Sodium Carbonate (Washing
Soda) on the foaming capacity of different soap solutions.

Apparatus
3 test tubes, test tube stand, Bunsen burner and stop watch.

Materials
Required
0.5 g sample of soap, water (distilled & tap both) and M/10
Na2CO3solution.

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 Theory
When sodium or potassium soaps are put into water containing
calcium and magnesium ions (Hard water), results in formation of
scum which applies grey appearance on the cloth. To achieve the
same washing or cleaning action, more soap must be added.

Hard water is water that has high mineral content (mainly

Calcium and magnesium ions) (in contrast with soft water). Hard
water minerals primarily consist of calcium (Ca2+), and
magnesium (Mg2+) metal cations, and sometimes other dissolved
compounds such as bicarbonates and sulphates. Calcium usually
enters the water as either calcium carbonate (CaCO3), in the form
of limestone and chalk, or calcium sulphate (CaSO4), in the form
of other mineral deposits.

When Na2CO3 is added to tap water the calcium (Ca 2+), and
magnesium (Mg2+) ions precipitate as their carbonates .i.e.
foaming capacity of soap increases.

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 Procedure
1) Dissolve 0.5g of soap and dissolve it in 50 ml of distilled water.

2) Take three test tubes and add distilled water in first, tap water
insecond and third test tube.

3) Add 5 ml of M/10 sodium carbonate to third test tube.

4) To above test tubes add soap solutions separately.

5) Now shake first test tubes for formation of foam.

6) Now start the stop watch to calculate time taken for

disappearance of foam.

7) Similarly, perform the experiment with other soap solutions.

8)Record the observations in a tabular

Observation
Amount of each soap sample taken = 0. 5 gm.

Amount of distilled water taken = 0. 5 gm.

Volume of each soap solution taken= 1 ml.

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 Volume of
Tube Water Vol. Of Time for
distilled water
Used Soap Sol. Disappea
added= 10 ml.
added rance of
Foam
1 10.00ml 1.00 ml 8:30 Hrs.
distilled
water
2 10.00 ml of 1.00 ml 6:30 Hrs.
Tap water
3 5 ml of Tap 1.00ml 4.00Hrs
water + Observation
(M/10) Sod. Table
Carbonate

Conclusions
Foaming capacity of soap in maximum in distilled water.

The foaming capacity of soap increases on the addition of Sodium

Carbonate.

USES OF SODIUM CARBONATE IN

DETERGENT (SOAP) INDUSTRY
 Approximately one third of the worlds demand
for Sodium Carbonate is for detergents, either in
direct production, or in the manufacture of other
detergent additives, such as sodium tri-
polyphosphate and sodium silicate, which itself
is important in the manufacture of zeolites.

 Sodium Carbonate has many attributes that

make it an ideal detergent ingredient; source of

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 alkalinity, high buffering capacity, absorbency
which enable it to act as a carrier for liquid
components, filler, agglomeration aid and a
water softener (builder) removing calcium and
magnesium ions by precipitation.

 It is applicable to all production techniques,

spray drying, spray drying plus post addition, dry
blending and agglomeration.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I'd like to thanks to the people who have helped &
supported me throughout my project. I am very thankful
to my Chemistry teachers who gave me this wonderful
project, which help me a lot in my studies of this subject.
This project helped me to increase my knowledge of
foaming capacity and other different properties of
different washing soaps and also increased my practical
knowledge.
I am also thankful to my brother who helps me in this
project.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Wikipedia
 Educational Websites like Slideshare.net and
Seminrsonly.com
 www.google.com
 Encyclopedia

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THANK YOU!!!

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