CHEMISTRY Investigatory

PROJECT
ON
Foaming capacity of soap
Submitted by:-
Name- k.pavani Class –
xii , sec - j
roll no.- ,aissce-2019-21

mother’s public school , unit-1, Bhubaneshwar

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this Chemistry
Investigatory Project was performed and
report is submitted by K.pavani bearing roll
number - of class XII .
She has successfully completed this
project under our guidance in the
chemistry laboratory during the academic
year 2019-2021.
This embodies the dedication and hard
work done by her.
Principal’s signature
External signature
Teacher’s signature
 Acknowledgement
On the occasion of presenting this
‘Chemistry Investigatory Project ‘
entitled “ Foaming capacity of soap “I
express my heartfelt gratitude to my
chemistry teacher Mrs. Chinmayee
Mohapatra who has helped and
supported me at every stage of
conducting this experiment . I am also
grateful towards our chemistry lab
.Assistant .

Student’s signature
 Index
Sl. No Contents
1. Aim of the Experiment
2. Introduction
3. Theory
4. Requirements
5. Procedure
6. Observations
7. Precautions
8. Conclusion
aim of the experiment

Study the effect of the addition of

Sodium Carbonate ( Washing Soda )
on the foaming capacity of different
soap solutions .
Introduction
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher
fatty acids like palmitic acid, oleic acids can
be either saturated or unsaturated. They
contain a long hydrocarbon chain of about 10
-20 carbon with one carboxylic acid group as
the functional group. A soap molecule a tadpole
shaped structure , whose ends have different
polarities .At one end is the long hydrocarbon
chain that is non polar and hydrophobic that is
insoluble in water but oil soluble . At the other
end is the short polar carboxylate ion which is
hydrophilic that is water soluble but insoluble in
oil and grease. When soap is shaken with water
it becomes a soap solution that is colloidal in
nature. Agitating it tends to concentrate the
solution on the surface and causes foaming.
This helps the soap molecule make a
unimolecular film on the surface of water and
to penetrate the fabric . The long non polar end
of a soap molecule that are hydrophobic ,
gravitate towards and surround the dirt ( fat
or oil with dust absorbed in it). The short polar
end contains the carboxylate ion , face the
water away from the dirt. A number of soap
molecules surround or encircle dirt and grease
in a clustered structure called ‘ miscelles’,
which encircles such particles and emulsify
them .
Cleansing action of soap decreases in hard
water contains calcium and magnesium ions
which react with sodium carbonate to produce
insoluble carbonates of higher fatty acids.
2 C17 H35COONa + Ca2+ --- (C17H35COO)2Ca (ppt)+ 2 Na

This hardness can be removed by addition of

sodium carbonate .
 Theory
When sodium or potassium soaps are put into
water containing calcium and magnesium ions
(Hard water),results in formation of scum
which applies grey appearance on the cloth . To
achieve the same washing or cleansing action ,
more soap must be added.

Hard water is water that has high mineral

content ( mainly calcium and magnesium ions)
( in contrast with soft water ) . Hard water
minerals primarily consists of calcium and
magnesium metal cations , and sometimes other
dissolved compounds such as bicarbonates and
sulphates . Calcium usually enters the water as
either calcium carbonate in the form of
limestone and chalk, or calcium sulphate, in the
form of other mineral deposits . When Na2CO3
is added to tap water the calcium and
magnesium ions precipitate as their carbonates
that is foaming capacity of soap increases.
 Requirements :-

-3 Test Tube

-Test tube stand

- Bunsen burner

-Stop watch
Materials Required
0.5 g sample of soap

Water ( distilled and tap both)

M/10 na2CO3 solution

 Procedure
1. Dissolve 0.5 g of soap and
dissolve it in 50 ml of distilled
water .
2. Take 3 test tubes and add
distilled water in first , tap
water in second and third test
tube.
3. Add 5 ml of M/ 10 sodium
carbonate to third test tube .
4. To above test tubes add soap
solutions separately .
5. Now shake first test tubes
for formation of foam .
6. Now start the stop watch to
calculate time taken for
disappearnce of foam .
7. Similarly , perform the
experiment with other soap
solutions .
8. Record the observations in a
tabular form
 Observations
Test tube no. Volume of Volume of Time taken for
soap water disappearance
solution
Dove 8ml 16ml
lux 8ml 16ml
DETTOL 8ml 16 ml
CINTHOL 8ml 16 ml
FRESHGEL 8ml 16 ml
 Precautions
1. Test tube be carried out
carefully for actual result
2. The amount of salt should be
added equally in each test tube.
3. To get actual result one should
follow all the points written in
the procedure .
4. One must use distilled water
for all samples because foaming
of a soap solution does not take
place in hard water .
 CONCLUSION:-
Foaming capacity of soap is
maximum in distilled water .
The foaming capacity of soap
increases on the addition of sodium
carbonate .