Topic: - To compare the forming capacity of various

soaps
 INDEX

1. CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM OF PROJECT
4. INTRODUCTION
5. Commercial preparation
6. Preparation of soaps

7. Experiment
 Aim
 Apparatus
 Procedure
 Observation table

8. Result

9. BIBILIOGRAPHY
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ankit Singh Kathait, a

student of class XII has successfully completed
the research on the project on the topic “To
compare the formality of various soaps” during
the year 2019-20 in partial fulfilment of
Chemistry practical examination conducted by
Central Board of Secondary Education, New
Delhi.

Principal Subject Teacher

(Mr. Sandeep Pant) (Mrs. Rafiya Sultana)

External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Primarily I would thank God for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I would like
to thank my chemistry teacher Mrs. Rafiya Sultana
and Principal Sir Mr. Sandeep Pant whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this
project and make it full proof success. Their
suggestions and instructions has served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and

friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance which was helpful in
various phases of the completion of the project.

Ankit Singh Kathait

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AIM OF THE PROJECT

To compare the
foaming
capacity of
various soaps

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 INTRODUCTION
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher
fatty acids like stearic, palmitic and oleic acids
can be either saturated or unsaturated. They
contain a long hydrocarbon chain of about 10-20
carbon with one carboxylic acid group as the
functional group. A soap molecule a tadpole
shaped structure, whose ends have different
polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon
chain that is non-polar and hydrophobic, i.e.,
insoluble in water but oil soluble. At the other
end is the short polar carboxylate ion which is
hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but insoluble in oil
and grease. Long Hydrocarbon Chain with
Hydrophobic end when soap is shaken with
water it becomes a soap solution that is colloidal
in nature.

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Again it tends to concentrate the solution on the
surface and causes foaming. This helps the soap
molecules make a unimolecular film on the surface of
water and to penetrate the fabric. The long non-polar
end of a Soap molecule that are hydrophobic,
gravitate towards and surround the dirt (fat or
oil with dust absorbed in it). The short polar end
containing the carboxylate ion, face the water
away from the dirt. A number of soap molecules
surround or encircle dirt and grease in a clustered
structure called 'micelles', which encircles such
particles and emulsify them. Cleansing action of
soaps decreases in hard water.
Hard water contains Calcium and magnesium
ions which react with sodium carbonate to
produce insoluble carbonates of higher fatty
acids.

This hardness can be removed by addition of

Sodium Carbonate.

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 Commercial
Preparations

The most popular soap making process today is the

cold process method where fat such as olive oil
sector with strong alkaline solution are prepared.
Some Soapers use the historical hot process i.e.
Handmade soap different from industrial
shopping, usually and I accept that is sometimes
used to consume the alkali and is not removed,
leaving a natural moisturizer soap and detergent
emollient search which is the saponification
process and is sufficiently advanced that the soap
has begun after most of the oils have saponified.
So that they remain undirected in the finished
soap.

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 Preparation of soaps

 In cold process and hot process of soap

making, it may be required the cold process of
making take place at the sufficient
temperature.

 The big fat process can be used right away

because the early fat saponified quickly at
the higher temperature which is used in hot
process soap preparation.

 Cold process soaps uses the exothermic heat

reaction that is created from the acid and
base reaction of the fatty acids (soap making
oils) and the lye solution.

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 IN HOT PROCESS:
 With hot process soap making an external
heat source is used to accelerate
saponification. The external heat source can
be a crock pot, a double boiler or the oven.
Saponification will be complete in
approximately 2 hours.

IN COLD PROCESS:
 When making cold process soaps you may
have initially melted your solid oils down to
a liquid form so that you can adequately
mix the lye solution with the soap recipe
fatty acids.
 No additional heat is used to actually
facilitate the saponification process.
Saponification takes about 18 to 24 hours
to complete.

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 Experiment
Soap samples of various brands are
taken and their foaming capacity is
observed.
The soap with the maximum foaming
capacity is thus, said to be having the
best cleaning capacity. The test
requires to be done with distilled
water as well as with tap water. The
test of soap on distilled water gives
the actual strength of the soaps
cleaning capacity. The second test
with tap water tests the effect of
Ca2+ and Mg2+ salts on their
foaming capacities.

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 Objective:
To compare the foaming capacity of various
soaps.
 Theory:
The foaming capacity of soap depends upon
the nature of the soap and its concentration.
This may be compared by shaking equal
volumes of solutions of different samples
having the same concentration with same
force for the same amount of time. The
solutions are then allowed to stand when the
foam produced during shaking disappears
gradually. The time taken for the foam to
disappear in each sample is determined. The
longer the time taken for the disappearance
of the foam for the given sample of soap,
greater is its foaming capacity or cleansing
action.
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 Materials Required:
Five 100ml conical flasks, five test tubes, 100ml
measuring cylinder, test tube stand, weighing
machine, stop watch.
 Chemicals Required:
Five different soap samples, distilled water and
tap water (H2O).
 Procedure:
1. Take five 100ml conical flasks and number them (i), (ii),
(iii), (iv) & (v). Put 16ml of water in each flask and add 8
grams of soap.
2. Warm the contents to get a solution.
3. Take five test tubes; add 1ml of soap solution to 3ml of
water. Repeat the process for each soap solution in
different test tubes.
4. Close the mouth of the test tube and shake vigorously for
a minute. Do the same for all test tubes and with equal
force.
5. Start the timer immediately and notice the rate of
disappearance of 2mm of froth.
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 Observations:
The following outcomes were noticed at the end of
the experiment:

Test tube No. Volume of Volume of Time taken for

soap water added disappearance
solutions
1.Dove 8ml 16ml 11’42”

2.lux 8ml 16ml 3’28”

3.Tetmosol 8ml 16ml 5’10”

4.Santoor 8ml 16ml 15’32”

5.Cinthol 8ml 16ml 9’40”

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 Result:
The cleansing capacity of the soaps taken is in the order:

Santoor > Dove > Cinthol > Tetmosol > Lux

From this experiment, we can infer that Santoor has the
highest foaming capacity, in other words, highest cleaning
capacity. Lux, on the other hand is found to have taken
the least amount of time for the disappearance of foam
produced and thus is said to be having the least foaming
capacity and cleansing capacity.

 Test for Ca+2 in water:

 H2O +NH4Cl + NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3

 No precipitate.
Test for Mg+2 in water:
 H2O +NH4Cl + NH4OH + (NH4)3PO4
 No precipitate.
The tests show negative results for the presence of the salts
causing hardness in water. The water used does not
contain salts of Ca2+ and Mg2+. The tap water provided
is soft and thus, the experimental results and values hold
good for distilled water and tap water.

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 BIBILIOGRAPHY

1. Aryan Publication lab manual chemistry class XII

2. NCERT books of chemistry
3. www.yahoo.com
4. www.google.com
5. www.cbse.nic.in
6. www.ask.com
7. www.scribd.com

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 THE END

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