CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project

has been made by AASHUTOSH
AGRAWAL ofclass XII A on the
topic FOAMING CAPACITY OF
SOAPS under the guidence of our
chemistry teacher……………. and have
been completed it sucessfully.
Yours truely
AASHUTOSH AGRAWAL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special

thanks of gratitude to my teacher
as well as our principal who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic
FOAMING CAPACITY OF SOAPS ,
which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and i came to know about so
many new things I am really thankful
to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a
lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.
 INDEX
1.INTRODUCTION
2.COMMERCIAL PREPARATION
3. EXPERIMENT
4.OBJECTIVE & THEORY
5.PROCEDURE
6.OBSERVATION TABLE
7.RESULT
8.TEST FOR HARDNESS
9.BIBILOGRAPHY
 Introduction
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of
higher fatty acids like stearic, palmitic
and oleic acids can be either saturated or
unsaturated. They contain a long
hydrocarbon chain of about 10-20 carbon
with one carboxylic acid group as the
functional group. A soap molecule a
tadpole shaped structure, whose ends
have different polarities. At one end is
the long hydrocarbon chain that is
nonpolar and hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble
in water but oil soluble. At the other
end is the short polar carboxylate ion
which is hydrophilic i.e., water soluble
but insoluble in oil and grease. Long
Hydrocarbon Chain Hydrophobic end
Hydrophilic end When soap is shaken
with water it becomes a soap solution
that is colloidal in nature. Agitating it
tends to concentrate the solution on the
surface and causes foaming. This helps
the soap molecules make a unimolecular
film on the surface of water and to
penetrate the fabric. The long non-polar
end of a soap molecule that are
hydrophobic, gravitate towards and
surround the dirt (fat or oil with dust
absorbed in it). The short polar end
containing the carboxylate ion, face the
water away from the dirt. A number of
soap molecules surround or encircle dirt
and grease in a clustered structure called
'micelles', which encircles such particles
and emulsify them. Cleansing action of
soaps decreases in hard water. Hard
water contains Calcium and magnesium
ions which react with sodium carbonate
to produce insoluble carbonates of higher
fatty acids. This hardness can be
removed by addition of Sodium
Carbonate.

COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS:
The most popular soap making
process today is the cold process
method where fat such as olive oil
sector will strong alkaline solution wild
some Soapers use the historical hot
process Handmade soap different from
industrial shopping, usually and I accept
that is sometimes used to consume the
alkali and is not removed, leaving a
natural moisturizer soap and detergent
emollient search as search added actress
which is the saponification process is
sufficiently advanced that the soap has
begun after most of the oils have
saponified So that they remain
undirected in the finished soap.

MORE ABOUT SOAP:

Soap is derived from either vegetable or
animal fats sodium tallowate is derived
from fat soap can also be made of vegetable
oils as palm oil and the product is typically
softer. An array of saponification and fats
are used in the process of chest only with
coconut Palm oil to provide different
qualities for example only for oil provides
info coconut oil provides lots of leather wild
coconut and farmers provide hardness
Sometimes castor oil can also be used as
an event. Unsaponifiable oils and fats that do
not yield so headed for further benefits.
 PREPARATIONS OF SOAPS

IN cold Process and hot process soap making

it may be required the cold process of
making take place at the sufficient
temperature set of a story the fat big used
process can be used right away because the
early and fat saponified quickly at the higher
temperature used in hot process soap making.
Cold process of making required
measurements of alkali and mouse and
computing the ratio using saponification
charts to answer that the finished product is
mild and skin friendly.
IN HOT PROCESS
Hot process in the hot process together at 80-
1000 c saponification which is the soap maker can
determine by taste or by eye.
COLD PROCESS
Cold which is the news to calculate the process soap
makes up the saponification value of the fat used on a
saponification chart appropriate amount of alkali
Excess unreacted allegory in the shop will result
In a very high PH and can burn are edited skin not
enough so far easy teacher the alkalies dissolved
in water that also heated. Then if the solid at room
temperature .Once both substances to have cooled to
approximately 10 degrees fahrenheit guide this
Twister interest there are wearing levels of traces .

EXPERIMENT
Soap samples of various brands are taken and
their capacity with the next informing
capacities said to be heavy tails capacities in
notice sample taken separately and their
foaming capacity is observed best cleaning
capacity the test request to be done with
distilled water as well as with the test of
soap on distilled water give the actual
strength of the cleaning capacity request to
be done with distilled water as well as Ca+2
,Mg+2 capacity.
 OBJECTIVE
To compare the foaming capacity of
various soaps.
THEORY
The foaming capacity of soaps upon the
nature of the shop and its concentration this
may be compared by equal having the same
concentrations which saves the same amount
of time used during disappears gradually the
time taken to disappear in equal sample is
determined the longer the time take it for
the form today disappear elite sample is
determined the longer time taken for the
disappearance of the given sample offshore
of greater is its foaming capacity cleaning
action.
REQUIREMENTS
FIVE 100ml conical flask, 5 test tubes 100
ml measuring cylinder, test tube stand,
weighing machine ,stopwatch.
 CHEMICALS REQUIRED

5 different of Soap sample, distilled

water,tap water.
Procedure
1. Take 5 100ml conical flasks add
number 1….2345 put 60 table of
water in each flask and add 8
grams of soap.
2. Warm the contents to get a
solution.
3. Take 5 test tubes add 1 ml of
soap solution to 3 ml of water.
Repeat the process for each soap
solution in different test.
4. Close the mouths of the test
tube and vigorously for a minute do
the same for all test tubes and
with equal force.
5. Start the timer immediately and
not is the rate of 2 mm froth.
OBSERVATIONS
Test tube No.,Volume of soap solutions, Volume of
water added ,Time taken for disappearance
respectively.

1.Dove 8ml 16ml 11’42”

2.lux 8ml 16ml 3’28”
3.Tetmosol 8ml 16ml 5’10”
4.Santoor 8ml 16ml 15’32”
5.Cinthol 8ml 16ml 9’40”

RESULT
The cleansing capacity of soaps taken is
in the order
SANTOOR>DOVE>CINTHOL>TETMOSOL>LUX
From these experiment we can infer that santoor
has the highest foaming capacity in other words
highest cleaning capacity l Lux on the other hand is
found to be have least amount of time taken
disapperance of the foam Produced and thus is said to
be have least foaming capacity and cleansing capacity
test for handness in water.

TEST for Ca+2 and Mg+2 salts in the water supplied

Test for Ca+2 in water .
H2O + NH4Cl +NH4OH+(NH4)2CO3
No precipitate.
That show negative result for the presence of salts
Causing hardness in water.The water used doesn’t
contain salts of Ca+2 and Mg+2 .the tap water
provided is soft and thus the experimental.

BIBILOGRAPHY
1.Together with lab manual chemistry class xii
2.NCERT books of chemistry
3.www.yahoo.com
4.www.google.com
5.www.cbse.nic.in
6.www.ask.com