AL-AMAL INDIAN SCHOOL

Investigatory Project in Chemistry

Topic:

Submitted by:
Roll No.:
Teacher: Mrs. Madhurima Ayikkara
School: Al-Amal Indian School, Salmiya, Kuwait

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 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified to be the bonafide record of the
project work done by ____________________
of class XII in Al-Amal Indian School, Kuwait, as
prescribed by the Central Board of Secondary
Education, during the academic year
2023-2024

Mrs. Madhurima Ayikkara

Department of Chemistry
Al Amal Indian School, Kuwait

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Acknowledgement:
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my teacher Mrs. Madhurima
Ayikkara as well as our principal Mr. Arul
Dharmaraj Thomas who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
topic, _________________________________
______________________________________
which also helped me in doing a lot of research
and I came to know about so many new things;
I am really thankful to them. Secondly I would
like to thank my parents and friends who
helped me a lot in finishing this project within
the limited time. And last but not least my
heartful thanks to the Almighty God. I am
making this project not only for my marks but
to also increase my knowledge.

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Declaration:
I, ________________, hereby declare that the
project work entitled
“____________________________________”
submitted to Department of Chemistry, Al Amal
Indian School, Kuwait is done by me, during
academic year 2023-2024.
Sign:

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Content:
• Objective
• Introduction
• Experimental Technique
o Aim
o Theory
o Materials required
o Procedure
o Observations
o Result
• Conclusion
• Bibliography

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- Objective:
To find the amount of chlorine in different
samples of water.

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- Introduction:
Chlorine is a gaseous element. It was first
isolated in 1774 by the Swedish chemist Carl
Wilhelm Scheele, who thought it was a
compound. However, in 15 November 1810 the
British chemist Sir Humphry Davy proved that
chlorine was a gas and gave it the name we
currently use today. He named the gas after the
Greek word χλωρος (chlōros, "green-yellow")
due to its color.

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A portrait of Sir Humphry Davy

Chlorine is one of six halogens present in the

periodic table, and therefore it is found on the
17th group (the p-block). Coincidentally, it also
has an atomic number of 17. The name
“halogen”, meaning “salt producer”, was
originally used for chlorine in 1811 by Johann
Salomo Christoph Schweigger, but it was later
used as a generic term for all other members of
the periodic table related to chlorine (fluorine,
bromine, iodine). Despite its free state not
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appearing in nature, chlorine is the twentieth
most abundant element found in the Earth’s
crust.
At ordinary temperatures, chlorine is a
greenish-yellow gas that can readily be
liquefied under a pressure of 6.8 atm at 293K. It
has an irritating odor and in large
concentrations it is dangerous. Soldiers took
advantage of this property during the first
World War as a poison gas.
Melting point 172K
Boiling point 239K
Atomic mass 35.453u

Due to its very high demand, chlorine is made

in large quantities. Most chlorine is formed as a
result of the electrolysis of an ordinary salt
solution, with sodium hydroxide as the by-
product.

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Formation of chlorine

Despite its deadly nature, chlorine is actually

very helpful in day-to-day life, which explains
its high demand. The most well-known use of it
is to clean given bodies of water. If not used in
high concentrations, it can kill off all the germs
located in a given swimming pool and leave
bigger organisms such as human beings alive. It
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is also added to drinking water to remove all
the microorganisms in it. Many products used
for the cleaning of houses has some
concentration of chlorine, though some are so
concentrated that they may need to be diluted
with water.

Chlorine is used to keep food products

preserved since bacteria get repelled by it.
Solar panels are purified with chlorine-based
compounds to trap maximum sunlight, and
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windmills make use of chlorine as a lightweight
propeller to harness as much wind as possible.
Chlorine is also used as an insulator for houses,
as it does not permit heat to enter or exit the
house, and as a result many paints are made of
chlorine to multitask as an insulator as well as a
good decoration. Finally, its compounds are
used as a catalyst for the production of many
important chemicals such as bromine,
tetraethyl lead and other products.

- Experimental Techniques:
Aim:

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To find the amount of chlorine in different
samples of water.

Theory:

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Potassium dichromate is an oxidizing agent
which oxidizes chloride ions to chlorine when
mixed with a given sample in a mixing bottle.
When silver nitrate is added to the mixing
bottle, we get reddish brown precipitate. With
some calculations, we can find out how much
chlorine is present.
K2Cr2O7 + 4Cl- + 6H+ ---> 2K+ + 2CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O
CrO2Cl2 + 2KOH ---> K2CrO4 + 2HCl
K2CrO4 + 2AgNO3 ---> Ag2CrO4 + 2KNO3

Materials required:
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 • Mixing bottle
• Potassium dichromate (K2CrO4)

• Silver nitrate (AgNO3)

• Chloride 2 indicator

• Water sample

• Test tubes

Procedure:
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 • Fill a test tube with the given water sample.
• Pour some of the sample into the mixing
bottle.
• Add chloride 2 indicator to the water
sample.
• Add potassium chloride to the mixing
bottle.
• Add silver nitrate to the mixing bottle,
however this must be done drop by drop.
• Continue adding drops of silver nitrate until
a reddish-brown precipitate appears.

Observations:
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At the beginning of the experiment the solution
was transparent. It is noted that after 3-5
drops, the sample starts to become cloudier
and opaquer. It continues to become darker
and darker with each drop, until finally at ____
drops, the red-brown precipitate is obtained.
Amount of NaCl (n) = = mg/l

Amount of chlorine =
n * (atomic mass of Cl / molar mass of NaCl)
=
=

Result:
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The given sample contains ______ milligrams of
chlorine per litre of the given sample.

- Conclusion:
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The above procedure is very helpful for finding
the amount of chlorine in any given sample of
water. It can be used to test for the amount of
chlorine in a swimming pool when the
procedure is done at a very large scale, or to
test how intoxicated a lake may be as a result
of chlorine.

- Bibliography:

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https://ptable.com/?lang=en#Properties/Series
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine
https://www.reagent.co.uk/blog/what-is-
chlorine-used-for/

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