REPORT : to test the hardness of water

10+2 Project Report

Submitted To: Department of Chemistry

In partial fulfillment of requirement for the award

of Senior Secondary in Non-Medical

2022-2023

B.L Central Public Sen. Sec. School

Shamti, Solan- 173212 (H.P)

Supervised by- Submitted by-

Mr. Harsh Jaswal Utsav Bahri

roll no. - 03
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Utsav Bahri of class 10+2 Non-Medical Department of

Chemistry, B.L Central Public Sen. Sec. School Shamti, Solan- 173212 (H.P)
has completed his project report embodied in To Test The Hardness Of Water
for the award of the degree of Senior Secondary in Non- Medical 2022 -2023
under my supervision.

Utsav Bahri

roll no. - 03

Mr. Harsh Jaswal

(Subject Teacher)

(Head of Department of Chemistry)

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work entitled “To Test The Hardness Of Water”
submitted to department of Chemistry, B.L Central Public Sen. Sec. School
Shamti, Solan- 173212 (H.P), is a record of original work done by me under the
guidance of Mr. Harsh Jaswal. This project work is submitted for the partial
fulfilment of the course entitled project work for the award of Senior Secondary
in Non- Medical. The results embodied in this project have not been submitted to
any other institute for any award.

Place: - B.L Central Public Sen. Sec. School,

Shamti, Solan- 173212 (H.P).

Session: 2022-2023

Utsav Bahri

roll no. - 03

Supervisor

Mr. Harsh Jaswal

(Head of Department of Chemistry)

Signature of Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Mr.

Harsh Jaswal for his enthusiasm, patience, insightful comments, helpful
information, practical advice and unceasing idea that have helped me tremendously
at all times in my research work. Without his support and guidance, this project
would not have been possible.

I would also like to thanks my Principal Mrs. Kamalpreet Kaur for her helpful
information, insightful comments, useful advice and her precious time for guiding
me.

I also wish to express my sincere thanks to the B.L Central Public Sen. Sec.
School, Shamti, Solan (H.P) for providing the necessary facilities to carry out the
project work.

I also thank my other department teachers Mrs. Anjana Thakur ,Mrs. Pravesh
Bhal and Mr. Lalit Sharma for their motivation and cooperation.

I’m further thankful to my friends for willingly sharing their precious time and
thoughts throughout the project.

Finally, I am deeply obliged to my family: my parents for their love and

unconditional support, during this challenging time.

Place: B.L Central Public Sen. Sec. School, Shamti,(H.P)

 INDEX
S.NO TOPIC PAGE NO.
1. water 1.
2. importance of water 2.
3. uses of water 4.
4. states of water 5.
5. types of water 6.
6. hard water 7.
7. permanent hardness 8.
8. temporary hardness 9.
9. diagram of hard and soft water 10
10. difference between hard and soft water and indicator of 11. .
hardness of water
11. apparatus and chemical required 13.
12. determining the hardness of water 14.
13. procedure testing with iron ,chlorine and fluorine 15.
14. precision laboratory water hardness test stripsand water 17.
hardness scale

15. advantages and disadvantages of soft water 30.

16 advantages and disadvantages of hard water 31.
TO TEST
THE

HARDNESS OF

WATER
 WATER
WATER is a substance that consists of two
chemical substances consisting of two hydrogen
and one oxygen . It has a molecular formula of
18 grams. It is tasteless , odorless and colorless
liquid at room temperature .

Water is made up of 2 hydrogens and 1

oxygen and it also exists in solid state , liquid
state, and gaseous state. It is one of the
most plentiful and essential compounds
occurring on Earth ‘s surface at normal
condition or in normal temperature .
Importance of
Water.
All the plants and animals
need water to survive . Water
is so important for body
because our body is made up
of 60 percent of water . Our
bodies use water for all the
cells , tissues and organs to
help and regulate temperature
and maintain body functions.
Water is important because :
1. Water helps to create saliva .

2. It regulates body temperature .

3. Water aids cognitive functions .

4. Water protects tissues , spinal cords and joints

5. Water Maximizes our physical performances

6. It helps to boost the energy levels .

7. Water prevents overall dehydration .

8. It is the basic unit of our life..

 Uses of water …
1. Bathing

2. Drinking

3. Washing clothes

4. Washing utensils

5. Cooking

6. Brushing teeth

7. Washing fruits

8. Washing vegetables
 States of Water ..
Solid state :
The water which is in the form of ice is
known as solid state of water .

Example : ICE

Liquid state :
The water which flows from the tap of the
water is called liquid state of water .
Example : RAIN

Gaseous state :
Boiling of water is known as the gaseous state
of water .

Example : WATER VAPOURS

Types of Water …..

There are two types of water

that are :

HARD WATER

SOFT WATER
HARD WATER:
The water that has high mineral content os
called hard water .

Hard water is formed by deposition of lime

stone and chalk which is largely made up of
calcium carbonate , magnesium carbonate ,
bicarbonates and sulfates . Hard drinking water
may have moderate health benefits . It can pose
critical problems in industrial settings where hard
water is monitored to avoid breakdown in boilers
and cooling towers .

There are two types of hardness of water :

1. Permanent Hardness
2. Temporary Hardness
PERMANENT
HARDNESS :
The permanent hardness of water is determined by
the concentration of multivalent cations in water .
Multivalent cations are those cations which are
positively charge particle and they have charge
greater than +1 . Calcium containing mixture
contain two types of mixture that is calcite and
gypsum. Magnesium containing mixture only contain
one type of mixture that is dolomite .

REACTION :
CaCO (s) + CO (aq) +H20(I) =Ca + +
3 2 2

2HCO -3
TEMPORARY
HARDNESS :

Temporary hardness is caused by the presence of

dissolved bicarbonate minerals . When these two
types of mineral yiel,d of calcium and magnesium
cations and carbonate and bicarbonate anions . The
presence of metals cations makes the hard water .

REACTION :

Ca(NCO ) (aq)--CO (g)+H 0(l)+CaCO (s)

3 2 2 2 3
 EXPERIMENTS:

INDICATOR OF HARDNESS OF
WATER :

Hardness of water indicates the lather of soap solution.

The effect of dissolved salts, containing anions and cations
.
APPARATUS:
1. TEST TUBES
2. PIPETTE
3. BEAKERS
4. STOP WATCH
5. CORKS
6. TEST TUBE STAND
CHEMICAL REQUIRED

1. SOAP SOLUTION

2. CALCIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION

3. SODIUM SULFATE

4. DISTILLED WATER

5. IRON (||) SULFATE SOLUTION

6. SODIUM CHLORIDE

7. POTASSIUM NITRATE

8. MAGNESIUM SULFATE
DETERMINING THE HARDNESS OF WATER :

1. Take eight test tubes and label them 1,2,3,4,5,6,7&8

2. Put about t0 drops in following different test tubes
(a) Test tube 1 -distilled water

(b) Test tube 2 -calcium chloride solution

(c) Test tube 3- sodium sulfate solution

(d) Test tube 4 - sodium chloride solution

(e) Test tube 5 - iron(||)sulfate solution

(f) Test tube 6 - potassium nitrate solution

(g) Test tube 7 - magnesium sulfate

3. Take out 50 ml of soap solution in small beaker

4. Pipette out about 5 ml soap solution in each test tube
5. Close the mouth of test tube with cork and shake it
6. Note which test tube contains a foamy lather and which do not
7. With the help of stopwatch measure the time taken for
disappearance of foam in each test tub
 PROCEDURE :
TESTING IRON IN WATER:
Take 5 ml of water in test tube and add 2 drops of dilute H2SO4
Boil it and then cool it
Now add 2-3 drops of ammonium of sulphocyanide

OBSERVATIN:
Appearance of orange colour indicates the presence of iron in water .

TESTING CHLORIDE WITH

WATER :
Take 5 ml of water in test tube and add drops of concentrated HNO3 in it
Boil it and then allow it to be cool
Now add 2 3 drops of AgNO3 solution to it

OBSERVATION:
Appearance of curdy precipitate indicates the presence of chloride in water
TESTING FLUORIDE IN WATER:
Take 5 ml of water in test tube
Add water, silver nitrate and dilute nitric acid to it

OBSERVATION:
No precipitate indicates presence of fluoride ion in water
SOFT WATER

ADVANTAGES :

1. It make soap lather and better so that it can clean clothes

2. Laundry uses less soap and can be done at lower temperature

DISADVANTAGES :
1. Soft water contains more sodium ion than the hard water
2. Soft water dissolve metals like lead , it can also lead to poisonous
 HARD WATER :

ADVANTAGES :
1. Some people prefer the taste of water
2. Calcium is present in water which is good for bones and teeths
3. It helps to reduce the heart disease

DISADVANTAGES :
1. It is difficult to form lather with soap
2. Scum forms that waste the soap
3. Scale form inside the kettles and pipes and it can also block the pipes
THANK
YOU
Bibliography
websites :

http://www.chem1.com/CQ/hardwater.html

http://www.fcwa.org/water/hardness.html

http://www.hardwater.org/