MOHAMED SATHAK POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

KILAKARAI – 623806

DESIGN OF DESALINATION PLANT

SUBMITTED BY

NAME ROLL NO
SATHISH R 19107804
SELVA PRASATH S 19107805
SEYED MOHAMED BUHARY S H 19107806
SHEIK DAWOOD M 19107809
VISHVA S 19107812

PROJECT GUIDE BY
M.RAJA.,ME

FINAL YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS

MOHAMED SATHAK POLYTECHNIC
KILAKARAI

MOHAMED SATHAK POLYTECHNIC

KILAKARAI
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Register No.
This is to certify that _______________________ of
final year Diploma in Civil Engineering has successfully
completed the project of MARKER ROOM along with his
project mates in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the academic year 2020-2021.
Submitted for Viva voce Examination held
at Mohamed Sathak Polytechnic on _____________________

Staff Guide Head of the Department

M.RAJA.,ME DR.A.SENTHIL RAJAN.,ME.,P.HD

Internal Examiner External Examiner

ACKNOWLDGEMENT
 We are very grateful thanks to our honb’le Professor
Dr.A.ALAUDEEN, M.E.,MISTE, valuable guidance and immense
encouragement.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to our head of the

department of civil engineering Dr.A.SENTHILRAJAN.,ME.,P.HD for
his valuable guidance and succession towards the completion of this
project.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to our guide

Mr.M.RAJA, M.E. for his valuable guidance towards the completion of
this project.

We also express sincere thanks to Mr.GR. KUPPUSAMY for

his valuable helps towards the completion of this project.

We also express our thanks to our friends forward their help.

CONTENTS
1. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

2. INTRODUCTION
3. COMPOSITION OF WATER

4. WATER ANALYSIS

5. TESTING OF WATER

6. R.O.THEORY

7. ESTIMATIONS

8. BIBILOGRAPHY

9. CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
 Water encountered in nature is hardly of pristine purity.
Having had contacted with it’s surroundings they have variously leached
and dissolved minerals and salt from the components if the earth and
rocks they have encountered. Natural water serve also to nature
organisms such as bacteria , viruses, algae etc. the encountered are never
pure water (aqua water) but are always aqueous or suspensions of
various compositions.

These require purification for the high purity water applications

The quality of water is of prime importance in only

process industry .The quality of water required differs from industry and
some to industry like pharmaceutical plants. Generally the water,
semiconductor industry, power industry and some chemical plants.
Generally the water having a quality of ranging from 1ppm conductivity
in the power and chemical industry to less than 0.006ppm conductivity
in the semiconductor industry.

In this project we study the basis of water and water

treatment systems for producing deminerelised water and fabrication of
a R.O system desalination plant of 250 liters capacity of product water.

By this project we can obtain a missiles water as a

drinking water for good health.

COMPOSITION OF WATER
 Water as discussed is not available in prestline from. It
contains basically 2 types of particulate matters.
They are
 Suspended particles
 Dissolved Particles

The suspended particles are the solid UN dissolved in the

water particles. They comprise of dust particles, turbidity suspend solids.

The dissolved particles are they that are in dissolved in the

water. As water is a solvent it dissolved almost all the salts the it comes
in contact with and hence the dissolved solids level very much the soil
conditions.

The dissolved particles are in 2 forms. One is the negatively

charged anions like sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, silica, bicarbonates
and the second are the positively charged cations like calcium,
magnesium, potassium, sodium etc.

IMPURITIES OF WATER:
 Impurities in water may be classified by two methods.
1.The first method divides impurities in to organic and
living organisms
2.The second classification divides the impurities in to
 Suspended impurities
 Dissolved impurities
 Colloidal impurities

Organic and inorganic both types of impurities may

be in the from of suspend .Colloidal and Dissolved forms.

SUSPENDED IMPURITIES :

Bacteria cause disease

Algae protozoa, silt, clay etc –produce turbidity, odur

and colour.

DISSOLVED IMPURITIES:
Calcium Bicarbonates Cause temporary hardness
and Carbonate
Magnesiu Sulphates
m Chloride Cause permanent hardness and also
develop corrosiveness of boilers.
Sodium Bicarbonates Alkalinity has softening
Carbonate Effect
Sulphates Alkalinity has softening
Fluoride Effect
Chloride Forming in stream boilers mottled
enamel of teeth taste
Metals Maganese Black or brown water
Iron Oxide Taste, red water, corrosive metals, hardness

Lead Lead poisoning

Arsenic poisoning
Gases Oxygen Corrosive to metals
Carbon Acidic and corrosive to metals
Dioxide Odour, acidity corrosive to metals
Hydrogen
Sulphate

ORGANIC IMPURITIES:

Suspended Vegetable Colour, acidity and

 taste
Pead animals
Harmful disease germs
produce
Dissolved Vegetable Produce bacteria
Animals Cause pollution of
water produce

WATER ANALYSIS
 Water analysis carried out to certain various types of
impurities present in it. It is the analysis of water which sets out the
outline for the treatment of water by analysis one will be able to know
that what types of impurities and to what extent they are present in water
and what units are necessary to be instated at water works of purity the
water, so that it may be safe to the consumers analysis of water is carried
out both before purification. As already stated, analysis before treatment
of water is for the designing of water treatment plant. But analysis of
water after it’s treatment is done to ascertain whether desired degree of
purification have been achieved.
Since quality of water varies from source to source and also
season it is very essential to take samples of water analysis daily and it’s
analysis carried out. The samples for analysis should be taken from such
places and in such away that they are the true of it water to be tested.
Analysis of raw water as well as purified water is done for the following
process.
1. To know the quality of water and extent of inorganic organic
microscopical and bacteriological contamination.
2. To set the outline of purification process and specify the
various stages in it.
3. The control the day to day obration of the purification plant.
4. To ascertain whether purification of water has acquired the
required of purity or not.

CHARACTERISTIC OF EXAMINATION OF WATER

Examination of water may be divided in to four classes such as,

 1. Physical Examination
2. Chemical Examination
3. Bacteriologial Examination
4. Microscopical Examination

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:
Already stated tests under this category are carried out
in to examine water for colour, taste, odur, temperature and turbidity.
These tests are explain as follows.

COLOUR TEST:
Colour in water is usually derived from leaves reat logs
and the organic matters. It may also be caused due to presence of iron or
manganese combined with organic matter. Swames are perhaps the
principle source of coloured water. True colour is caused by material in
solution while apparent colour may be due to very fine particles carried
by water in suspension.

Any colour other than the natural colour of water is

objectionable to the consumers. Therefore all the colours of water should
be removed in treatment plants. The method of removing colour depends
on the sources of colour and on the characteristic of water.
The measurement of colour in water is carried out by
means of a tintometer. The instrument has an eye piece with two holes.
A slide of standard coloured water is seen through one hole and in the
other hole of the slide water to be tested is inserted. The intensity of
colour is measured on the nature cobalt scale. The unit of colour on
cobalt scale is the colour produced by one million gram of platinum
cobalt in a liter of distilled water the permissible colour of domestic
colour water on platinum cobalt scale should not exceed 25 and should
not be preferably less than 5.

2.TASTE AND ODOUR:

Odour and taste generally together. They may be due to the
pressure of decomposing organic matter certain types of microscopic
organizing or chemical compounds such as phenol. They are measured
by threshold order number in this method water to be tested is diluted
with odour determined. For example if 100cc of fresh water has to added
to 5cc of a sample of water to produce no effect of odour in it the
threshold colour number will be 5. If it should be noted that instead of
5cc of the sample 6c is added to 100cc of fresh water it number should
not be more than 3. The results of test are greatly effected by the
sensitivity of the observer. Threshold number is nothing but reciprocal
of the ratio of dilution with odour to point that is just defreshable.

Obous may be due to chlorination of filtered water, either

free or with ammonia sight of phenol, as small as one part in 500
million parts in water gives chlorophenol taste and odour which
consumers can be easily defect. The water having had small or odour
should not supplied to the consumers.

TEMPERATURE:

The temperature of water effects its acceptance by the

consumers and may effect chemical reaction in treatment. Biological
actirites are also effected by temperature actually, temperature test does
not carry any significance because there is no treatment which can be
imparted to that.

TREATMENT PROCESS

FOR SUSPENDED PARTICLES

 The following processes can remove suspended particles
1. Consolation
2. Sedimentation
3. Clarification
4. Filtration

Depending upon the in let raw water quality and treated

water quality required any one of the process is used

For dissolve solids

dissolve particles are removed by the following process
1. Ion exchange resin process
2. Desalination
Ion exchange :
Ion exchange is a process by which one type of ion
contained is absorbed into an insoluble solid material and replaced by an
equivalent quantity of other ion of the same charge. Here water up to
1500ppm conductivity to the desired.

Desalination
Desalination is the term used for the process employed to make natural
saline potable useful for other purpose. This very high level of the
dissolved salts can be removed to desirable level. They are

Desalination process:

 Multi stage flash distillation

  Multi effect distillation
 Vapour compression
 Solar evaporation
Electro dialysis:

 Electro dialysis
 Electro dialysis reversal

Membrance Process:

 Reverse Osmosis(R.O)
 Hyper tilteration

Other process not commercialized:

 Membrance pre evaporation
 Emmebrance distillation
 Solar humidification

As reverse osmosis process is found to be the superior

process than any other process. Wheel choose R.O system for our
project.

INTRODUCTION ABOUT DESALINATION

 Fresh water can be larger be considered as an infinite source
nor reckoned as an free commodity the over increasing input of human
wastes, proliferation of industries, intensive in application of fertilizers
and pesticides in agriculture and indiscriminate abstraction of surface
and ground water, un controlled disposals of toxic pollutants has caused
degradation of the environment and deterioration of source and ground
water quality. The water shortage in our country becomes increasingly.

More severe and serious then the dwindling fuel supplies.

While great attempt utilize non conventional source of water for better
utilization.

There is an increased awareness on technology to purify

brackisn water. So due to the shortage drinking water (obtained from
natural source) it is a necessary to meet the demand by some other
means. The striking solution to this to tab the sea water and to purify it.
Since the availability of sea water is an plenty the solution is feasible.
97% of water bounded with in the sea and all that is available for its in
habitants is 0.06% but the sea water is highly salty containing 3.5% of
NaCL.

THE PROCESS OF REMOVING COMMON SALT FROM

SEA WATER IS CALLED DESALINATION
 In continued attempts to augment water resources by
purifying water , it is found necessary to combine a number of basic
process involving physical, chemical and biological treatment which had
the effect of removing first the suspended impurities followed by
removed of colloidal matter and further the sample filtration involved
the passing in the water through process material called

“Filter” which allows filtrate to pass through this

sample techniques like micro filtration. Ultra filtration and finally to
reverse osmosis. While sample and micro filtration, so not change the
chemical the properties of water the ultra filtration and R.O not only this
insoluble particles are retained by the membrance but also molecules
and ions which are in solution are retained.

There are few methods of Desalination

1. Evaporation and distillation
2. Electro dialysis method
3. Reverse osmosis process
4. Freezing process
5. Solar distillation

Of the above mentioned process only reverse osmosis is

suitable for sea water desalination. The other four method are suitable
for small scale and house hold desalination.
 This plant has chosen a technology which can operate
up to 45 connect with a prolonged life. It has adopted a unique design in
this plant with only a set of filters. So that any few technology can be
straight away adopted in to this plant with out any modification.

REVERSE OSMOSIS & R.O.THEORY

REVERSE OSMOSIS:
INTRODUCTION

Reverse osmosis (RO) has become a popular water treatment

technology in nearly every industry requiring separation of a dissolved
solute from its solvent, the solvent being water. The most common
application of R.O is the purification of water involving simply the
removal of undesirable contaminants industry makes heavy use of this
application of R.O producing highly is used to make portable water by
desalination to improve the taste of water as well as to remove
potentially unhealthy contaminants.

Dissolves solutes can be salts or they can be organics such as

sugar or dissolved oils. The solutes are the species of lesser
concentration held in solution by molecular attraction with the solvent,
which is in greater concentration. The highest concentrations of these
dissolved solutes in city water sources or typically salts.

Reverse osmosis is a fundamental component of treatment

system for the water used in the manufacturing of semiconductors,
pharmaceuticals and medical devices, as well as in purifying water used
for dialysis and reclamation of salty water waste water, and is even used
to concentrate sugar solution in the food industry.

The increasing popularity of residential point-of-use RO

system has made ‘reverse osmosis’ a house hold term. In this and many
other applications, the RO also serves as an extremely fine filter. Its
pores are believed to be less than 0.001 micron in diameter. These pores
give RO the ability to remove suspended solids, particulate, bacteria and
endotoxin (900 very fine particulate of concern in the medical and
pharmaceutical industries).

The success of the reverse osmosis technology has been due

to mostly the economics of its operation and its simplicity. Compared to
other salt removal technology, it is relatively inexpensive to purchase
and to operate. Its requires neither an energy intensive phase change
such as distillation for a large volume of strongly acidic and caustic
chemicals line those required for ion exchange systems.

The basic process of reverse osmosis uses a pump and a

semi permeable membrane. The pump provides the driving force. The
semi permeable membrance passes water in preference to the solute
that dissolved in the water, thus the majority of solute behind to form a
more concentrate stream.

The process of reverse osmosis is same as filtration.

Filtration is the removal of particulate by size exclusion. Particulate is
removed by filtration because they are too large to fit through physical
pores in the filter media. where as water molecules can readily fit
through the pores.

OSMOSIS:

The mechanism of reverse osmosis is different from

filtration in the physical holes may not exist I a RO membranes. Such
holes have never been found, even with microscopes of highest
magnification. It is more likely that water and smaller molecular weight
organics are able diffuse through the membrane polymer by bending
between segments of the polymer’s chemical structure.
Dissolved salts and larger molecular weight organics
will not permeate the membranes as readily, however because of their
size and charge characteristics. The RO membranes also is able to
obtain nearly absolute removal of suspended particulate that has no
means of traversing the membrane except via mechanical lesion.(such as
a membranes tear)

Reverse Osmosis:
 Reverse osmosis is also a process of separation. The feed
water stream is separated into a stream of concentrated solutes and
particulates. This is as compared filtration where the entire feed stream
passes through the membranes pores, leaving the particulate embedded
in the filter media.

Recent improvements in the semi permeable membranes used

have caused dramatic improvements in the economics of reverse
osmosis. Never membranes reject more salts and pass more water at a
particular pressure, thus resulting in greater efficiency. They also are
more durable able to handle hatsher feed water conditions and cleaning
solutions.

This improvement will result in the continued growth of RI

technologies into new applications. This acceptance and growth of the
RO industry will require the availability of more personal educated in
the various aspects and subtleties of reverse osmosis.

Reverse osmosis theory:

 Reverse osmosis system separate dissolved solutes from
water via semi permeable membrane that passes water in preference to
the solute. An RO membrane is very hydrophilic meaning that water is
affected to its chemical structure. Water can bond width the ends of the
polymer segments making up the membrane. These gives water the
ability to readily diffuse into and out of the polymer structure
membrane.
Water is a very polar molecule. There is a strong separation
of changes that across its molecule. The coming forms when water
together of two Hydrogen atoms Oxygen, each of the two Hydrogen
atoms shares is single electron with Oxygen. This puts the Hydrogen
atoms into a more energy state. The Oxygen atom is also in a more
stable energy state when it borrows the electrons from the Hydrogen
atoms.

Two Hydrogen atoms will orient them selves on one side of

the Oxygen atom. Because it has given its negatively charged electrons,
the remaining positively charged proton of each Hydrogen atom is able
to exert its positive charge on its surrounding. The electrons that have
migrated to the Oxygen atom. The end result of a separation of charge
between the ends of the water molecule.

If this separation of charge is compounded the large number

of water molecules present in a typical solution, a substantial force is
present that is capable of puling apart the oppositely charged
components of a salt. The Hydrogen end of the water molecules will
attract the negatively charged anionic component of the salt. As the salt
molecules separate into their component they go into solution.

While in the solution the charge ions will remain surrounded

by water molecules that are affected to the charge of the ions. In essence
an icon group is created. The size of this ion group will depend on the
size on the size of the ion atmospheric its centre and extent of the charge
characteristics of the ion. How the size of this ion group compares to the
spacing between the polymer segments has a lot to do with how well the
ion will diffuse through the membrane.

Although separated by water molecules the dissolved caution

will still maintain an attraction to the dissolved anions in a solutions. A
Hydrated cautions is going to resit diffusing through the membrane. If a
corresponding hydrated anoin cannot als would be created o pass
through. Otherwise charge imbalance would be created between the
feed side and permeate side of the RO membrane.

The present passage of any particular dissolved salt will

depend mostly on the ionic component with greater size and charge
characteristics for example, if the hydrated sulfate anion of a sodium
sulfate (NA2SO4) solution cannot diffuse through the area between
polymer segments the sodium cautions will not permeate through either .
If the calcium chloride (CaCl2) is added to that solution the hydrated
sodium ion will then be able to diffuse more readily through the
membrane because the hydrated chloride anion is better able to permeate
the membrane.

The ability of an RO membrane to diffuse certain salts while

rejecting other is not absolute. Forward any particular membrane, the
percent passage of a smaller ions are lesser charged ions, will be
relatively greater than that of larger ions, on ions with greater charge
characteristics. Generally cautions or anions with greater valence
number will be better rejected then ions with lower valence of +2, will
typically be rejected somewhere around three times better then the
monovalent ion sodium (valence +1). Approximately salt passage
percentages forward RO membrane are given in table.

How well an organic molecule permeates an RO membrane

will depends on its physical size and shape and on its chemical
characteristics. Generally the closer than organic molecule is
structurally to that membrane polymer, the more readily it will diffuse
through the polymer.

Smaller organic molecules with polar characteristics will tend

to diffuse to better than larger neutral ones. A very general jule of thumb
in that organic molecules with a molecular weight less than 200 are
more likely to permeated membrane that ones with molecular weight
greater than 200.

The physical structure of the molecular is critical as to weather it.

Will permeate the RO membrane. AN organic molecule with an
elongated shape will not permeate the membrane as easily as will a
around, compact molecule.
The ability of water to diffuse through a membrane gives RO
is a significant operating advantage over ultra filtration technology.
When water diffuses through the RO membrane near maximum uses is
made of the cross sectional area of the membrane surface is about the
same as the local velocity of the water actually passing the membrane.

This is sharp contract to the behavior of water as it passes

through the pores of an ultra filtration membrane. The flow through the
UF membrane most passes through the pores in the membrane. These
pores will contain a minimal amount of cross sectional area is compared
to that of membrane surface therefore the flow approaching the
membrane, which is small percentage of the total membrane area. The
result is that the local velocity of water going through the pores is
dramatically greater than that of the bulk stream approaching the
membrane surface.

With both RO and UF particulate and solids that are present

in the faced water are left behind on the membrane surface when water
permeates the membrane. The continued flow of water through the
membrane will place a force on the contaminants that can be prevent
them from returning to the bulk stream going across the membrane
surface. In order forward the contaminant to return to the bulk stream the
shears force of the water through the UF pores, the shears forces of the
water going across the membrane are less effective atmospheric
preventing the contaminants from fouling the membrane.

Inside by side studies, UF membrane system have been

known to foul faster then RO membrane system by more than an order
of magnitude. This is above and beyond their higher rate of UF fouling
that can be attributed to its higher flux rate. It can be generalized that
from most applications of UF membrane will foul faster from particulate
and suspended solids contaminants than would an RO membrane.

APPROXIMATE SALT PASSAGES FOEWARD AN RO

MEMBRANE
 SALT FORMULA PASSAGE(%)
Calcium Sulfate CasSo4 1
Calcium bicarbonate Ca(HCo3)2 2
Sodium Chloride Nacl 3
Sodium bicarbonate Na11 Co3 3
Sodium Sulfate Na2So4 1
Calcium Chloride CaCl2 2
Magnesium Chloride MgCl2 2
Magnesium bicarbonate Mg(Hco3)2 2
Potassium chloride KCl 3
Magnesium sulfate Mg So4 1
Potassium bicarbonate KH Co3 3
Potassium sulfate K2So4 1
Calcium nitrate Ca(No3)2 15
Potassium nitrate KNo3 15
Sodium nitrate NaNo3 15
Magnesium nitrate Mg(No3)2 15
Calcium fluoride CaF2 3
Sodium fluoride Na F 6
Magnesium fluoride MgF2 3
Potassium fluoride KF 6

FEED WATER TREATMENT IN RO PLANTS

The trapping or locking up of some types of materials,

substances ion etc within the reverse osmosis device itself or on the
surface of membrane is classified under “fouling” of membrane the
cause systems and cures are different, Permeators used for the practical
applications of RO are designed to achieve high productively and high
salt rejection. This is done by maximum using the PERMEATORS high
salt rejection can be maintained only if the membrane surface stays
essentially uncharged. Any deposits on or physical changes of the
membrane surface would tent to increase salt concentration different
causing a greater flow of salt and resulting is poorer permeable quality
feed water pre treatment thus serves to prevent deposits on or change to
the membrane surface.
RO feed water treatments eliminates problems caused by
1. Membrane Scaling
2. Metal oxide Precipitation
3. Device plingging
4. Colloidal fouling
5. Biological growth`

These conditions adversely affect the performance of

the RO plant lane the dynamic functions of the membrane. As long as
operating conditions are kept constant, productivity remains essentially
unchanged with time. Thus an increase in salt passage and bundle
pressure drop unusually indicates a problem.

No natural water source exists that delivers quality needed

forward smooth long term operation of an RO plant. All waters, there
fore must be treated to some degree. The impurities and contamination
that effect RO membrane falls on groups . all the above said five
problems can be handled by current pretreatment technology. It is likely
that one are a combination of several of following techniques would
serve to adequately treat the available raw feed.
To begin with aeration reduces volatile impurities the water
such as hydrogen sulphide, carbon- di -oxide an possibly organic
compounds of importance forward the RO feed aeration also helps to
oxidise, Fe ++ and Mn ++ ions this load to insoluble hydroxides and
oxides, which are then removed by coagulation setting and filtration.
Clarification reduces turbidity and sediment of surface
of water supplies adding coagulants and coagulant improves the process
and increases its rate, Clarification equipment is followed by filters.
Which remove residual insoluble. Lime softening or one of the related
processes (cold lime soda hot lime etc) removes by precipitation the
springly soluble cations, such as calcium, strontium and barium
is variation of the lime process lime themselves to reduction
of the dissolved silica. The lime process also remove suspended
solids long with hardness and alkalinity.

TREATMENT PROCESS
ARTESIAN WELL: -

pH of in water:-
in the first stage we get water from the artesian well. It is the
water in which it contains more salt. By the test the pH value of water is
6.84.
for the public water supplies the pH value is close to 7 as
possible. The lower values may cause tuber culation and corrosion, rile
the higher values may produce instruction, sediment deposits, difficults
in chlorination certain psychological effects on human systems.

In this water the pH value is 6.84. this water must not be used
for drinking purpose. If we use this water for drinking, it makes tuber
closis for men and corrosion for metals. so, we must neutralize this
water to near7.

Chlorides in water: -
The chloride contents of the water is generally 250 ppm. The
present of high quantity chloride to the water may indicate pollution of
water. The chloride concrete of water can be measured by titration the
water with standard silner nitrate solution using pottassium cromite as
indicator The chloride constant of treated water to be supplied to the
public should not exceed a value of 250ppm.

But in this sample of water the chloride the constant must

380ppm. It we supply this water to public. May cause many diseases to
human beings.
so we should not supply this water to the public we must
decrease the content of chlorides present in water

HARDNESS IN WATER: -
Hardness in water is that characteristic which presents the
formation of sufficient lather when such bard waters are mixed with
soap. It is caused in the presence of solids of calcium and magnesium
dissolved in water and it cause greater soap conception, causing tast less,
etc......
There are two types namily
1. temporary
2. permanent hardness.

we must make the water so ted for public use. Hardness

present in water electromind by titration with EDTA method. In ppm
however, for drinking purpose its water with hardness below 75ppm are
generally tasteless and hence the prescribed hardness limit for public
ranges between 75 to 115 ppm.
 In this water the hardness 835ppm. It to large when compared
with normal hardness amount. So we cannot supplies this water for
drinking purpose. Because it is too hard it corotaine high salt contain. It
we supply this water to public they will suffered in many ways so must
this level then we survive it to public

RAW WATER TANK:-

In the next stage the now water collecting from the artesian
well. Is pumped out to the saw water storage tank the chloride, hardness,
PH value of the water is same as like artesian well. So we should
pumped out this water for distillation process.

DUEL MEDIA FILTER (DMF):-

At the next stage the now loaters from the storage tank this
puroped out in to the duel media filter by a pumping unit present in
between the duel media filter and the saw water storage tank.

To this media distillation process is contacted to neglet

the floating and nonfine suspended partider in the water (floating
materials,sent) this media the is passed with the pressure for easy
perculation in to the fillteration boads. Inside this media the sand beds
are arranged as follows.
(1) from the bottom, gravel for 300 mm depth rombottom, cource
sand for 300 mm depth above gravel fine sand for 200 mm depth
above coarse sand.

The row water is peritrate through the filteration beels as above.

In this process the pH chloride and hardness of the raw water is
extremely reduced

PH IN WATER :-
After the distillation process take place in this media the pH
of the water is comes to 7.82, it is not satisfied for drinking purpose. So
we reduced the pH value to the reduced value.

HARDNESS IN WATER:-
In this water the hardness value is 825ppm. It is not satisfy
for the drinking purpose. It we supplied it to the public many diseases
may cause to the sample of water its more than required hardness. So we
must reduce this hardness to the satisfied value. Than we will survive
this water to public.

CATRIAGE FILTER:-
At the next stage the distilled water from the duel media filter
is passed to the catriage filter is made by non-carode materials. In this
filter very small size of metal are present 1/1 the raw loates is passed
through this out coming water is truly free from any un wanted
materials.

ACIDE DOSING TANK:-

At the next stage the outlet water from the catriage filter is passed to the
reciprocating pump with supplric acid one drop per 1 liter of water so2 is
added to the water the kill the germs and prevent the down and
unwanted taste from the water- this water with sulphuric acid is passed
into the reciprocating pump. In the reciprocating pump the impelor
shaftes must be mix the sulpluric acid with water thoroughly.

PH IN WATER:-
The pH value of the water with sulphuric acid mixing is 7.53
this value is nearly comes to the normal pH value of the drinking water.
But in this water pH value is not satisfied for drinking purpose. In this
water materials are highly present. So we cannot use this water for
drinking purpose ,

HARDNESS IN WATER:-
The hardness value of this water in this stage is 835ppm. This
value is heavily more than average required value. This water makes
move soap conception for washling and causing caration for pipes and
make the foods tasteless. So it is not used for any drinking purpose. We
coil reduce the hardness of water by the required method.

MEMBANES :-
At the next stage the water with so2 is passed into
membranes by using reciprocating pump. The membranes are made by
heavy plastic materials to retain the cracks and busting made in pipe. It
is a pipe like structure. Inside this membrane small dia rubbes like
structure measures should be arranged through out the length. When the
water passing in this pipe the hardness the alkalike and the acitic
materials from the water are retained morely. The above process is mode
in the first membrane pipe.
Then the waters passed from the first membrane to the
second through the flexible pipes the second membrane is also made by
the thin rubber like leasures in this membrane a special arrangement is
also available. That is the hot water are comes at through the inlet side
by the another drain value. Then the membranes. In this process the
hardness and pH of the water is comes very nearly to the average levels.

pH IN WATER:-

the pH value of this water is 6.7. it is very nearly comes to

the average load. But in this water small amount of acetic materials are
present. So, we are not use this water for drinking purpose. We will
make this water suit for drinking. Because the acetic materials may
cause unsafe for the public peoples. So we must take care to reduce the
acetic properties in water.

HARDNESS IN WATER:-
In this water the hardness value lowered to 135ppm. This
value is nearly satisfied for public drinking purpose. We must reduce the
hardness to about 75ppm to 110ppm.
But in the above sample the hardness chloride and pH valves
are reduced to nearly about required average value. But the already
mixed so2 with water should not retain during this process. The outlet
water contains SO2 with it.
PURE WATER TANK:-
At the next stage the water from membranes should be pumped
into the RCC tank know as pure water tank. In the stage, decausser the water

Decausser is made by non matalic property. Decausser is present

at the of RCC tank it is a bellow tube like structure. At the bottom at the
decauser a hole is present membrane is set into the adjacent vertically to the
decauser. And the pipe inserted into the decauser.

A atmospheric air sucking pump is set adjacent to the

decausser. A pipe is set at the decausser from the atmospheric pump.
This pump suck the atmospheric air and pass into the water while starts
flow. By this method the atmospheric air remove the sulphuric acid and
turns it into vapeus and pass away through the top open of the decausser.
Then the water flows in to the pure water tank. At this stage the pH
value, chloride and hardness to corrected.

pH IN WATER :-
ph is the important role in the drinking water supply. That is
the ph value is increased, the alkaline materials are present in water,
while the ph value is decreased, the acidic materials are present in water.
Both the alkaline and acidic substances are made problems to human
beings. so, we neutralize the ph value in water. The procedure to
determination of ph value for the given sample, is as flows. It is can be
determined by using a ph meter

Aim :-
To determine the ph value by Electro method by a ph meter.
Apparatus:-
Ph meter
PROCEDURE:-
A Ph Meter Consist of two electrolyte namely (1) GLASS
ELOCTRODE (ii) REFERENCE ELECTRODE. There electrodes are
inserted in the respective sockets provided in the ph meter.
The temperature compensatory is set for the temperature of
buffer solutions. Now the printer is set so that it indicates a value of ph.
The electrode is standardized by dipping it in a buffer solution of known
ph value. The ph of solution is read from the ph meter. Then the
instrument is set for the rest value.
The electrode is cleaned with cotton and dipped in the given
sample of water. The reading is noted when the pointer comes to rest. It
is compared with one or more other samples. It is the ph of the given
sample of water
RESULT
Ph of the given sample of water.
For salt water = 7.58
For well water = 7.54
For given sample= 7.4

COMMENT:-
The above ph value is more satisfied for drinking purpose. It
is within the average limit. So we should supply this water for drinking
purpose.
CHLORIDE IN WATER:-

The presence of chloride in water is generally up to 250

PPM. If the presence of high quantity of chloride in water may indicate
the pollution of water. The chloride content of water can be measured by
tilrating the water with standard silver nitrate solution using potassium
chromate as indicator. If the content of chloride in water makes the
move salty taste. If the content chloride in water is move. We should
reduce this level to the required average level.

THE PROCEDURE TO DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE IN

THE GIVEN SAMPLE IS AS FOLLOWS.
AIM:-
To determine the amount of chloride present in the given
sample of water.
APPARATUS:
1. Burette
2. Pipette
3 Conical flask
4. Potassium chromate
5. Silver nitrate. Etc.
PROCEDURE:
The conical flask is cleaned well with distilled water. The
pipette is washed with water and rinsed with a little of sample. 20ml of
a sample is pipette out into the conical flask. 1ml of 5% potassium
chromed solution is added into the conical flask as indicator. The purity
is washed with water and rinsed with silver nitrate solution. The solution
in the conical flask is titrated against silver nitrate solution taken in the
burette, till the yellow color changes to red color. This is the end point.
The titration is repeated to get concordant value. Then the amount of
chloride present in the sample is calculated
RESULT:
The amount of chloride present in the given sample of
water = 190 PPM.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Volume of the Burette reading Volume of

S.No Indicator
Sample Initial Final E.D.T.A(y)
1 20 0 2.7 2.7 K2CRO4
 Potassium
Chromate
2 20 0 2.7 2.7 K2CRO4

CALCULATIONS:
Volume of silver nitrate solution = 2.7=V1
Volume of sample of water taken = 20 V2
1000 ml of the sample of water = V1x 1000/V2
= 1000x 2.7/20
= 135 PPM.
RESULT:
The amount of chloride in present in the given sample of
water =135PPM

COMMENT:

This value of chloride in water is satisfied for drinking

purpose so we should supply this water for drinking to the public.

HARDNESS IN WATER:
 The hardness in water is due to the presents of bi-carbonates,
carbonates, chlorides or sulphates of calcium and mechanism the
temporary hardness should be removed by boiling the water. It is not
possible for large amount of supply. The hardness in water made many
problems for human metals and made the foods taste less. The maximum
limiting value of hardness for drinking purpose is 250 PPM.

The following procedure is takes place the determine the

amount of hardness in water.

Aim:
To determine the hardness of given water.
APPARATUS:
1. Burette
2. Pipette
3. Conical flask
4. EDTA solution.
5. Buffer solution
 6. Erio chrome black, T-indicator.

PROCEDURE:
Pipette out 20 ml of the given sample of water into a
clean conical flask. 5 ml of the buffer solution is added in to the flask. 2
drops of eirochrome black. T indicator is added the solution becomes
wine red in color. The burette is washed and rinsed with the EDTA
solutions and filled with the same. The sample of water is titrated against
EDTA solution taken in the burette. The color changes from wine red
through purple to steel blue. The appearance of steel blue color is the
end point the titraton is repeated to get concordant values. The readings
are tabulated and the hardness is calculated.

The following procedure is follow the determine the

hardness in the given water.

OBSERVATION ANL CALCULATION:

Volume of the Burette reading Volume of

S.No Indicator
Sample Initial Final E.D.T.A(y)
Eriochrome
1 20ml 0 1.5 1.5 Black-T
indicator
2 20 0 1.5 1.5
 Y ml of EDTA = yx 1 mg of calcium
100ml of the sample = yx 1 mg of calcium
1000ml of the sample of water = 1000x Y x1/20
= 1000x 1.5/20
= 75 PPM
Hardness water = 75 PPM.

RESULT:
Hardness of the given water = 75PPM.

COMMEND:
The above hardness value of given water is satisfied for
drinking purpose. It takes less soap consumption and made the foods
taste full. So we should supply the water to public for drinking purpose
this water is hygienic for the human health.

Supply of water through the public:

After completion of all the above processes, the pure water

with the Ph value of 7.4 and chloride of 190 PPM and the hardness of 75
PPm. There water is more satisfied for drinking other essential purpose.
This water is hygienic for human beings. Because it is free from bacteria
odour and other unwanted impurities. This is more useful for feature
students and our staffs in our polytechnic.

1. Artesial well
2. Pump (5HB)
3. Raw water tank
4. Pump (3HB)
5. Duel media filter
6. Catriage filter
7. Sulphuric acid dosing tank
8. Reciprocating pump
9. Membrances
10.Pump (3HB)
 11.Deccauser
12. Air flow pump
13.Pure water tank
14. Delivery pump
15. Drain water
16.Water to service.

CONCLUSION

This project help us to know about under ground water

resources for drinking use. In abounded area people are affected
by drinking water scarcity. We have tried to give the solution through
the desalination of water from in available sources. Also we
had known about the water characteristics and their remedial process
of RO thesis are helped us to design in future.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Public Health Engineering

- K.N. DUGGAL
2. Water Treatment Plants Design
- Prof A.G. BHOLE
3. Environmental Engineering And Pollution Control
-K. SRINIVASAN & K SUNDRAPANDI
4. Water Supply Engineering
- SANTOSH KUMAR GARG