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Chapter1-Introduction

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End-users all over the world suffer from the consequences of poor water quality.
Whether it is a private household, a factory, a commercial or medical process,
everyone has their own expectations and desires on the requested water quality.
When the incoming water supply does not meet these expectations, water treatment
offers the solution to make your water fit to your demands.

Chapter – 4.History of Distributions, Water

Supply And Treatments
4.1 Distributions:
Nonportable reclaimed water is often distributed with a dual piping network that
keeps reclaimed water pipes completely separate from potable water pipes

FIGURE 4.1 DISTRIBUTION BY DUEL PIPING SYSTEM

In many cities using reclaimed water, it is now in such demand that consumers are
only allowed to use it on assigned days. Some cities that previously offered
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unlimited reclaimed water at a flat rate are now beginning to charge citizens by the
amount they use
There are several issues and concerns that need to consider during water supply
system in a particular area. Some of the most common and important issues and
aspects that are closely related with the water supply system in Bangladesh. The
distribution system is a key element of water supply system
thatis needed to deliver water to individual customers from the reservoir(s). Water
supplynetworks are part of the master planning of communities, counties, and
municipalities.

4.3 Using Categories of Treatments

The treatment of water may be divided into three major categories:

a. Purification for domestic use

b. Treatment for specialized industrial applications
c. Treatment of wastewater to make it acceptable for release or reuse

There are a number of technologies available for treating wastewater intended for
reuse, many of which can be used in combination. To choose the appropriate
combination oftreatment options, water managers must consider the specific
contaminants that are ofconcern, the intended use of the water, costs, and other
factors such as energy use or wastedisposal options.

The National Research Council report reviewed options for ensuring water quality
in water reuse projects. Because protecting public health is of utmost importance
for any drinking water system, the report’s authoring committee recommended
potable water reuse systems include several redundant treatment elements to
strengthen the reliability of the system.

In addition to redundant treatment processes, the committee recommended that

water reuse systems incorporate plans for monitoring water quality and quickly
responding to problems caused by equipment malfunctions, operator error, or
changes in the quantity or quality of incoming wastewater. For nonportable reuse
systems, it is also important to prevent drinking
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water contamination from the inadvertent cross-connection of nonportable water

and potable water pipes

Chapter 5 - Water ParametersDescriptions:

5.1 –Water Parameters:
typically contains a wide range of microorganismsand chemicals, some of which
could be harmful to public health or to ecosystems.
Water managers can choose from a portfolio of treatment options to design a
waste-water treatment system that reduces contaminants to levels that will be
acceptable for the intended uses of the reclaimed water.
The year under different circumstances, or the “worst case” analysis. For NF and
RO units, Table shows recommended inorganic analysis as a minimum.
While scaling is caused by dissolved substance that turn into solids (precipitate)
within RO and NF units, fouling causes a loss in performance of a membrane
system due primarily to suspended solids. Fouling is typically caused by living or
dead particles such as bacteria and algae or non-living particles such as silt, clay
and sand.
Unfortunately, we don’t have software programs that can predict fouling of
membrane unit based upon feed water analysis. The presence or absence of certain
suspended contaminants doesn’t equate to the presence or absence of problems.
There are many factors, including design ones (see below), that affect the fouling
potential of a membrane unit.
Fouling potential is quantified most accurately during pilot testing. Total organic
carbon (TOC) is important because most microorganisms “eat” pre-existing carbon
compounds. TOC is a measurement of the concentration of dissolved organic
compounds. Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) is better than TOC to determine
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how much of the dissolved organic carbon can be used (assimilated) by bacteria.
Bacteria cannot assimilate all organic compounds. It’s the assimilable organic
constituents that promote growth.
SDI test for NF and RO units, there’s a test that’s a standard in the industry for
measuring the fouling potential of a feed water. This is called the Silt Density
Index (SDI). Feed water is passed through a 0.45-micron (µm) filter pad at 30
pounds per square inch (psi), or 2 bar of pressure for 15 minutes. The time it takes
to pass 500 milliliters (ml) of feed water through the filter pad at the beginning and
end of 15 minutes are recorded. The longer it takes for the second 500 ml to pass
through, the more fouling particles that are present in the feed water.
An equation converts the time difference into a plugging factor and then an SDI
number. The lower the SDI number, the better. For NF or RO feasibility studies,
the SDI of the feed water should be measured enough times to accurately
categorize the fouling potential[8].

Cationic constituents Anionic constituents Other constituents

Calcium, mg/L Chloride, mg/L Total dissolved solids (TDS) , mg/L
Magnesium, mg/L Sulfide, mg/L Conductivity, µs/cm
Sodium, mg/L Sulfate, mg/L Silica (SiO2) , mg/L
Potassium, mg/L Nitrate, mg/L Carbon dioxide (CO2) , mg/L
Ammonium, mg/L Fluoride, mg/L pH (at site)
Iron, mg/L Bicarbonate, mg/L Temperature, oF (at site)
Manganese, mg/L Carbonate, mg/L
Barium, mg/L Phosphate, mg/L
Aluminum, mg/L
Strontium, mg/L

Table 5.1 Minimum analyses performed Parameters

5.2 Major Water Contaminants

1.Pathogens. Bacteria, viruses, and other infectious organisms enter wastewater
from humanexcrement and other waste. Viruses with the potential to cause disease
are of particular concern for potable reuse because they are very small, can be
difficult to eliminate from water, and some can cause infection even at low
concentrations.
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2.Nutrients. Municipal wastewaters are rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. Some

forms of nitrogen can present a health risk for potable reuse if not properly treated.
Excess nutrients can also cause the overgrowth of algae when reclaimed water is
used to augment lakes. On the other hand, some nonportable uses, such as
irrigation, are actually enhanced by higher nutrient levels.

3.Organic chemicals. Pharmaceuticals, natural hormones, household chemicals,

and byproducts formed during the treatment process are often present in
wastewater. High levels of such chemicals could pose a health risk, particularly for

7.Lead, Copper, Aluminum, Zinc and More

The corrosion process is an oxidation/reduction reaction that returns refined or

processed metal to their more stable ore state. With respect to the corrosion
potential of your drinking water, the primary concerns include the potential
presence of ToxicMetals, such as lead and copper; deterioration and damage to the
household plumbing, and aesthetic problems such as: stained laundry, bitter taste,
and greenish-blue stains around basins and drains.
Corrosion can also be accelerated by:

1) low pH (acidic water) and high pH (alkaline water)- For high alkalinity water -
it is possible that a chemical scale may form that would help to protect against
corrosion, but if a bacteria becomes established the scale, such as SRB (sulfur
reducing bacteria), you may experience a problem related to Microbiologically
Induced Corrosion or MIC;
2) high flow rate within the piping can cause physical corrosion;
3) high water temperature can increase biological rate of growth and chemical
corrosion;
4) oxygen and dissolved CO2 or other gasses can induce corrosion;
5) high dissolved solids, such as salts and sulfates, can induce chemical or bio-
chemical corrosion;

8.Hardness

Water is a good solvent and picks up impurities easily. Pure water -- tasteless,
colorless, and odorless -- is often called the universal solvent.
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Calcium and magnesium dissolved in water are the two most common minerals
that make water "hard." The degree of hardness becomes greater as the calcium
and magnesium content increases and is related to the concentration of multivalent
cations dissolved in the water.

Classification mg/l or ppm

Soft 0 - 17.1
Slightly hard 17.1 - 60
Moderately hard 60 - 120
Hard 120 - 180
Very Hard 180 & over

Table 5.2 Hardness and Range

11. TDS:
Dissolved solids" refer to any minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved
in water. Total dissolved solids (TDS) comprise inorganic salts (principally
calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates) and
some small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water.

12.TSS:
Total suspended solids (TSS) is the dry-weight of particles trapped by a filter. It is
a water quality parameter used for example to assess the quality
of wastewater after treatment in a wastewater treatment plant. It is listed as
a conventional pollutant
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13. Conductivity:

Conductivity (or specific conductance) of an electrolyte solution is a measure of its

ability to conduct electricity. The SI unit of conductivity is siemens per meter
(s/m).
Conductivity measurements are used routinely in many industrial
and environmental applications as a fast, inexpensive and reliable way of
measuring the ionic content in a solution.[1] For example, the measurement of
product conductivity is a typical way to monitor and continuously trend the
performance of water purification systems.
In many cases, conductivity is linked directly to the total dissolved solids (T.D.S.).
High quality deionized water has a conductivity of about 5.5 μS/m, typical
drinking water in the range of 5–50 mS/m while sea water about 5 S/m (i.e., sea
water's conductivity is one million times higher than that of deionized water).
The electrical conductivity of waterestimates the total amount of solids dissolved
in water -TDS, which stands for Total Dissolved Solids. TDS is measured in ppm
(parts per million) or in mg/l.
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Chapter 6 - Pre-Treatments:

FIGURE 6.1 PRE-TREATMENTS

6.1 - Coagulation:

Solids are removed by sedimentation (settling) followed by filtration. Small

particles are not removed efficiently by sedimentation because they settle too
slowly; they may also pass through filters. They would be easier to remove if they
clumped together (coagulated) to form larger particles, but they don't because they
have a negative charge and repel each other (like two north poles of a magnet).
In coagulation, we add a chemical such as alum which produces positive charges to
neutralize the negative charges on the particles. Then the particles can stick
together, forming larger particles which are more easily removed.
The coagulation process involves the addition of the chemical (e.g. alum) and then
a rapid mixing to dissolve the chemical and distribute it evenly throughout the
water.
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6.2 - Flocculation:

Now that the particles have a neutral charge and can stick together. The water
flows into a tank with paddles that provide slow mixing and bring the small
particles together to form larger particles called flocs. Mixing is done quite slowly
and gently in the flocculation step. If the mixing is too fast, the flocs will break
apart into small particles that are difficult to remove by sedimentation or filtration.

6.3 - Sedimentation:

Next, the water flows to a tank called a sedimentation basin where gravity causes
the flocs to settle to the bottom. Large particles settle more rapidly than small
particles. It would take a very long time for all of the particles to settle out and that
would mean we would need a very large sedimentation basin. So
the clarified water, with most of the particles removed, moves on to the filtration
step where the finer particles are removed
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7.3 - Surface water

Surface Water:
Due to the high cost of drinking water and the fact that water is not always
available, more and more industries and municipalities use treated surface water.
Normally the surface water needs to be treated before it has the required water
quality.

Surface water typically contains a high suspended solids content, bacteria, algae,
organic matter, creating bad taste and odor. In some areas, like river estuaries,
surface water can be brackish, reaching up to 8000 mg/L of salts.

Two processes are commonly used to treat surface water: -Conventional treatment
including clarification (coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation or dissolved air
flotation), sand filtration, activated carbon adsorption and disinfection.Advanced
treatment based on ultrafiltration technology.

Major Water Treatment Media for Surface Water:

1. Multi-grade Filter: Here using Different Type Graded Gravels or pebbles for
remove suspended solids.

2. Activated Carbon Filter: Here using to remove Odor, Color etc. Basically
activated carbon products effectively remove pollutants, contaminants
and other impurities from water, air, food and beverages,
pharmaceuticals and more

3. Water Softener:
To exchange Ions. Cation ions can exchange by Cationic Resin. Resin is a
media, Chemical name is Divinyl Benzine Co-polymer.
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FIGURE 7.9ION EXCHANGE RESIN

Some Materials have to rearrange Or add, depend on desired purpose.

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Surface Water Treatment Flow chart:

FIGURE 7.10 SURFACE WATER TREATMENT FLOW CHART

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Surface Water Use Flow Chart:

FIGURE 7.11 SURFACE WATER USE FLOW CHART

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7.4 - Ground Water

Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in
the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is
called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at
which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated
with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually
flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps,
and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn
for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating
extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater
is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.
Typically, groundwater is thought of as water flowing through shallow aquifers,
but, in the technical sense, it can also contain soil moisture, permafrost (frozen
soil), immobile water in very low permeability bedrock, and deep geothermal or oil
formation water. Groundwater is hypothesized to provide lubrication that can
possibly influence the movement of faults. It is likely that much of Earth's
subsurface contains some water, which may be mixed with other fluids in some
instances. Groundwater may not be confined only to Earth. The formation of some
of the landforms observed on Mars may have been influenced by groundwater.
There is also evidence that liquid water may also exist in the subsurface of Jupiter's
moon Europa.
Groundwater is often cheaper, more convenient and less vulnerable
to pollution than surface water. Therefore, it is commonly used for public water
supplies. For example, groundwater provides the largest source of usable water
storage in the United States, and California annually withdraws the largest amount
of groundwater of all the states. Underground reservoirs contain far more water
than the capacity of all surface reservoirs and lakes in the US, including the Great
Lakes. Many municipal water supplies are derived solely from groundwater.
Polluted groundwater is less visible, but more difficult to clean up, than pollution
in rivers and lakes. Groundwater pollution most often results from improper
disposal of wastes on land. Major sources include industrial and household
chemicals and garbage landfills, excessive fertilizers and pesticides used in
agriculture, industrial waste lagoons, tailings and process wastewater from mines,
industrial fracking, oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks and
pipelines, sewage sludge and septic systems.
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Ground Water Treatment Plant: Drinking water and Battery use:

FIGURE 7.12 DRINKING WATER AND BATTERY WATER TREATMENT

FLOW CHART
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Industries water treatment,WTP Diagram:

FIGURE 7.13 INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT,WTP DIAGRAM

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8 MajorDrinking Water Treatment Media:

1. Iron Removing Filter:
Here we can use Manganese Dioxide, Manganese Green Sand and Berm
Media, Its working like a catalyst. From Ferus to ferric.

2. Multi-grade Filter:
Here using Different Type Graded Gravels or pebbles for remove
suspended solids and Precipitated sludge

3. Activated Carbon Filter:

Here using to remove Odor, Color etc. Basically activated carbon products
effectively remove pollutants, contaminants and other impurities from
water, air, food and beverages, pharmaceuticals and more

4. Manganese Dioxide (MnO2) :

Its Effecting a oxidizing agent. It can remove Iron and some suspended
solids.

5. Resin:

Many have deferent type of resin, Cation and anionic Resin or with Mixed
bed resin to remove ions such as Calcium, Magnesium from Water.
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6. RO Membrane:
A Simple and Straightforward Water Filtration Process. Reverse Osmosis is
a process in which dissolved inorganic solids (such as salts) are removed
from a solution (such as water). This is accomplished by household water
pressure pushing the tap water through a semipermeable membrane.

FIGURE 8.2 RO MEMBRANE

7. Ultra-Filtration:
Ultrafiltration (UF) is a variety of membrane filtration in which forces
like pressure or concentration gradients lead to a separation through
a semipermeable membrane. Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular
weight are retained in the so-called retentate, while water and low molecular
weight solutes pass through the membrane in the permeate(filtrate). This separation
process is used in industry and research for purifying and concentrating
macromolecular solutions, especially protein solutions. Ultrafiltration is not
fundamentally different from microfiltration. Both of these separate based on size
exclusion or particle capture. It is fundamentally different from membrane gas
separation, which separate based on different amounts of absorption and different
rates of diffusion. Ultrafiltration membranes are defined by the molecular weight
cut-off (MWCO) of the membrane used. Ultrafiltration is applied in cross-flow or
dead-end mode.
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FIGURE 8.3ULTRA FILTRATION

8.Nano-Filtration:
Nanofiltration (NF) is a relatively recent membrane filtration process used most
often with low total dissolved solids water such as surface water and
fresh groundwater, with the purpose of softening (polyvalent cation removal) and
removal of disinfection by-product precursors such as natural organic matter and
synthetic organic matter.
Nanofiltration is also becoming more widely used in food processing applications
such as dairy, for simultaneous concentration and partial (monovalent ion)
demineralization.
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FIGURE 8.4NANO FILTRATION

9.Cartridge Filtration:
Removal of suspended solids to protect against membrane fouling: Prefiltration
(cartridge or depth filtration) is perhaps the most important part of a satisfactory
performance of RO unit after the RO membranes themselves. The ability of depth
and cartridge filters to remove suspended particulates, colloids and larger color
causing organics (NOM) from the feed stream greatly impacts the performance and
longevity of any RO equipment and specifically the high performance units. The
average size of the openings between the filter media in a depth filter is
represented by void fraction a dimensionless number. Additionally, in cartridge
filters, the size of the opening is expressed in microns. For example, a 20-micron
rating filter has larger openings than a 5-micron filter. Consequently, the 20-
micron filter element will let particles smaller than 20 microns pass through the
filter compared to the 5-micron rating cartridge filter. GE also makes a 1-micron
rated cartridge filter that in a series configuration with a 5 micron CF can offer the

best in feed water quality to an RO system. This dual cartridge filter arrangement is
being used in a number of seawater RO desalination systems.

Bacteria removal to prevent biofouling of the membranes: Bacteria range in size

from 0.2 to 2 microns in width or diameter and from 1 to 10 microns in length for
the non-spherical specie, so a 1-micron filter will remove most bacteria and cysts
in waters where biofouling is a concern.
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Lower operating expense of the system: Proper pretreatment prevents fouling of

the membranes and results in lower operating costs. The savings include reduction
of chemicals for cleaning, lower power consumption and extended membrane life.

Selecting a proper cartridge pre-filter Membrane Element Protection Matters

Definitions Nominal rating

a nominal rating for a filter is an arbitrary value assigned by the filter manufacturer
and is expressed in terms of a percentage retention of a given challenge media such
as ISO standard test dusts or glass beads. The value may represent the percentage
of the entire distribution of particles that is removed from the test fluid or the
percentage of a specific sized particle. Nominal filtration ratings are often used
when comparing the performance of depth and non-membrane filters Absolute
rating - An absolute rating is the size of the smallest particle retained by a filter
with a stated efficiency, such as 99 %, under defined test conditions.

Absolute ratings:
are typically applied to membrane or high performance non-woven filters. Filter
Sizing As a general rule, the smaller micron rating for a filter is better. However,
there is a trade-off, flow capability usually drops off as the micron rating gets
smaller, especially if the water has a lot of sediment.

FIGURE 8.5MICRON FILTRATION CARTRIDGE

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10. Ozone Generation System:

Ozone is an unstable gas comprising of three oxygen atoms, the gas will readily
degrade back to oxygen, and during this transition a free oxygen atom, or free
radical form. The free oxygen radical is highly reactive and short lived, under
normal conditions it will only survive for milliseconds.

Ozone is a colorless gas that has an odor similar to the smell of the air after a major
thunderstorm.

FIGURE 8.6OZONE WORKING FLOW CHART

Ozone has a greater disinfection effectiveness against bacteria and viruses

compared to chlorination. In addition, the oxidizing properties can also reduce the
concentration of iron, manganese, sulfur and reduce or eliminate taste and odor
problems. Ozone oxides the iron, manganese, and sulfur in the water to form
insoluble metal oxides or elemental sulfur. These insoluble particles are then
removed by post-filtration. Organic particles and chemicals will be eliminated
through either coagulation or chemical oxidation. Ozone is unstable, and it will
degrade over a time frame ranging from a few seconds to 30 minutes. The rate of
degradation is a function of water chemistry, pH and water temperature.
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Ozonating Process
The formation of oxygen into ozone occurs with the use of energy. This process is
carried out by an electric discharge field as in the CD-type ozone generators
(corona discharge simulation of the lightning), or by ultraviolet radiation as in UV-
type ozone generators (simulation of the ultraviolet rays from the sun). In addition
to these commercial methods, ozone may also be made through electrolytic and
chemical reactions. In general, an ozonation system includes passing dry, clean air
through a high voltage electric discharge, i.e., corona discharge, which creates and
ozone concentration of approximately 1% or 10,000 mg/L. In treating small
quantities of waste, the UV ozonating is the most common while large-scale
systems.
The raw water is then passed through a venturi throat which creates a vacuum and
pulls the ozone gas into the water or the air is then bubbled up through the water
being treated. Since the ozone will react with metals to create insoluble metal
oxides, post filtration is required.

Primary Advantages to Ozone

1. Ozone is effect over a wide pH range and rapidly reacts with bacteria, viruses,
and protozoans and has stronger germicidal properties then chlorination. Has a
very strong oxidizing power with a short reaction time.
2.The treatment process does not add chemicals to the water.
3. Ozone can eliminate a wide variety of inorganic, organic and microbiological
problems and taste and odor problems. The microbiological agents include
bacteria, viruses, and protozoans (such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium).

Disadvantages to Ozone
1. There are higher equipment and operational costs and it may be more difficult to
find professional proficient in ozone treatment and system maintenance.
2. Ozonating provides no germicidal or disinfection residual to inhibit or prevent
regrowth.
3. Ozonating by-products are still being evaluated and it is possible that some by-
products by be carcinogenic. These may include brominated by-products,
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aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. This is one reason that the post-filtration
system may include an activate carbon filter.
4.The system may require pretreatment for hardness reduction or the additional of
polyphosphate to prevent the formation of carbonate scale.
5.Ozone is less soluble in water, compared to chlorine, and, therefore, special
mixing techniques are needed.
6.Potential fire hazards and toxicity issues associated with ozone generation.

FIGURE 8.7OZONE GENERATOR

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11.Ultra Violet System:

Ensure your water is safe with ultraviolet (UV) water purification and disinfection.
Ultraviolet systems use UV light to produce purified water for the entire house.
Without adding or taking anything away from water, UV disinfection is a cost-
effective and environmentally-friendly way to remove 99.99% of harmful
waterborne microorganisms

Main Components of a UV systemThere are a variety of UV disinfection systems

on the market, however, they all contain the same general components, from the
very large systems that disinfect water for commercial or industrial operations,
right down to an under-sink system treating drinking water at the point of use.

The four main components of a UV system are:

1. The reactor chamber

2. The UV lamp
3. The quartz sleeve
4. The controller unit (also called a ballast)
There are other optional parts such as sensors and solenoid valves that can also be
a part of a system, however, these four components are the basis of all UV
systems.

The Reactor Chamber

The reactor chamber, also known as just a chamber or a reactor, is the part of the
system that physically houses the UV lamp and sleeve, as well as controlling the
flow of water through the system.
They are usually constructed of stainless steel, but some manufacturers use
different materials. There are different types of reactors available, such as axial or
boot shape, and reactors come with ports in a variety of sizes depending on the
model and the flow rate the system is intended to service.
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Different types of welds, end caps, and other design features can give a different
look visually. Essentially, all chambers perform the same function, no matter how
they look aesthetically.

FIGURE 8.8UV LAMP

To the layperson, all UV lamps look the same. Essentially, they all perform the
same function. They produce UV-C, which isthe wavelength of UV light that is
considered germicidal. However, different lamps perform this function in various
ways, depending on the application and disinfection requirements.

All UV lamps, regardless of output, contain mercury. You may think, “Isn’t that
stuff dangerous for the environment” Mercury in high levels is definitely
dangerous. But UV lamps generally contain a bead of mercury about the size of the
head of a pin, and all lamps can be recycled, much like the fluorescent light bulbs
that you can purchase at the local retail store.

During operation of the lamp, the mercury is completely contained within the lamp
structure, and with proper recycling, these lamps are harmless and provide no risk
to the environment. Mercury is a vital part of the lamp’s ability to produce the
germicidal UV-C light wavelength. Minute liquid mercury droplets collect at the
lamp’s “cold spot”, and once they reach peak temperature, UV-C light is emitted.
All UV lamps have filaments just like a regular light bulb to produce an electrical
current that heats up the mercury and evaporates it into the air inside the lamp.
This evaporated mercury helps create electrical arcs that produce UV-C at varying
intensity levels to disinfect water.
There are three main types of UV lamps that will be found in most UV systems
available to the residential and light commercial markets.
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Low-pressure standard UV lamps – These lamps are most often used in

applications where the flow rates are lower (such as in a residential home), and
exposure times can be longer. These lamps are lower cost to replace, and generally
the initial equipment cost is much lower as well.
Low-pressure high output (HO) lamps – HO lamps are used in
applications where higher dosages or flow rates are required, but still have a
smaller footprint. They treat water with a broader tolerance to temperature
(temperature can affect lamp performance). These lamps are often used in larger
flow applications or light commercial systems.
Low-pressure amalgam lamps – These lamps use mercury amalgam mix to
control vapor pressure. They use a slightly different process to yield up to three
times the UV-C output of a standard low-pressure lamp of the same length.
Predominantly, these lamps are used in more commercial-type applications or for
regulations requirements, depending on the type of microbiological contamination
being treated.
There are also medium-pressure UV lamps, however these are exclusively used for
larger-scale operations, and have essentially no application in the residential
market. They are the types of lamps that are used in drinking water and wastewater
treatment plants.
Different lamps from various manufacturers will use different types of glass in the
lamp structure. You will either find soft glass, or harder quartz glass. Soft glass can
be slightly less costly, however due to harder nature of quartz glass, it’s much less
likely to break. Soft glass can also cloud with time, and this transmits less
germicidal UV-C through to the water, rendering it less effective as it ages. Quartz
glass transmits UV more effectively and is less likely to cloud. Both types of glass
are often coated to help increase their UV-C transmission.
The Quartz Sleeve
The quartz sleeve is a long, cylindrical tube of quartz glass intended to protect the
UV lamp which is powered by electricity from the flow of water. The lamp is
inserted into the tube, and transmits the light through the tube into the water.
Sleeves can foul with minerals and other contaminants over time, and should be
cleaned whenever the lamp is changed. It’s a relatively simple component, but it’s
very necessary to the efficient operation of a UV system.
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The Controller Unit

The controller unit is the brains of the entire UV system. This is the part of the unit
that controls the electrical output of the lamp, and powers it to produce UV-C light.
Some controllers are very simple, and are a simple cap that fits over the end of the
lamp and a plug. Other controllers, depending on the type of UV system, are more
complicated, and have lamp-change timers, low-UV alarms, or trouble indicator
lights to show when the system is not performing as it should. These units vary in
complexity and size, but essentially, they all do the same thing.

Bangladesh Drinking Water Standard Parameters:

Water Quality Parameters Bangladesh Drinking Water Standard

pH Value (pH unit) 6.5 – 8.5
Alkalinity (mg/L) 100
Iron (mg/L) 0.3
TDS - Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) 500
Hardness (mg/L) 100
Calcium (mg/L) 100
Magnesium (mg/L) 30
Sulphate (mg/L) 250
Ammonia (mg/L) 0.2
Fluoride (mg/L) 1.00
Aluminium (mg/L) 0.2

Table 8.1 Bangladesh Drinking Water Standard Parameters

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9.4 - OrganismAnd Health

Without water, there is no life. Pushing aside the fact that we are dependent on
water for everything from cooking to sanitation, our bodies are comprised of no
less than 60 per cent water. After oxygen it is the body's most vital nutrient and it
is a fundamental element of the processes that keep us alive. There is a constant
need to replenish the water we lose through natural processes like sweating,
urination and breathing in order to stave of dehydration; without water it is
estimated that the average, healthy human won't live more than three to five days
This report recommends adjustments to the federal regulatory framework that
could enhance public health protection for both planned and unplanned (or de
facto) reuse and increase public confidence in water reuse.
Many humans associate a feeling of disgust with reclaimed water and 13% of a
survey group said they would not even sip it. Nonetheless, the main health risk for
potable use of reclaimed water is the potential for pharmaceutical and other
household chemicals or their derivatives (Environmental persistent pharmaceutical
pollutants) to persist in this water. This would be less of a concern if human
excreta was kept out of sewage by using dry toilets or systems that
treat blackwater separately from greywater.

To address these concerns about the source water, reclaimed water providers use
multi-barrier treatment processes and constant monitoring to ensure that reclaimed
water is safe and treated properly for the intended end use.
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Appendix III
31
 32

Conclusion

This project has encompassed a variety of water management issues as they apply
to the Sonargaon University, as well as implications of these issues to the
Bangladesh & the larger world.

We have examined possible Rain Water Collection and Treatment, Surface water
management, Ground water treatment, alternatives to the current wastewater
management strategy, Sewage water treatment.

A broad overview of these topics is included as well as detailed discussions

regarding the applications of these systems to Bangladesh. A comprehensive
analysis has been produced that will hopefully lead to the further application of
such systems at Bangladesh. In the end, we hope to have demonstrated the values
of undertaking the proposed changes, and we hope that some (or all!) of our
proposals will be incorporated into the Bangladesh water system in the future.

It is our opinion that considerable environmental, social, and (in some instances)
economic benefits can result from the use of such sustainable practices. It is hoped
that our project will not only affect the views of the Sonargaon University
community, but also those of the Bangladesh, the nation, and beyond. The
proposed Zero discharge, RRR treatment system would realize a number of
environmental benefits, including the protection of natural waters from
hydrocarbon, heavy metal and sediment contamination.

This system is shown to be more cost-effective than biofiltration options, and also
includes aesthetic benefits.

The benefits of on-site rainwater harvesting are discussed in this thesis. These
include the roof-top collection of rainwater for a variety of applications, primarily
for use in irrigation of SU’s lawns and gardens and for general domestic use (not
including drinking needs).

The collected water can also be stored as an emergency water supply, or for
firefighting. An extended benefit of rainwater harvesting on campus is the
decreased dependence on the SUwater system and decreased contribution to
erosion.
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With respect to the current wastewater system for Bangladesh, we feel that major
changes must be made to improve environmental sustainability.

Currently wastewater from Bangladesh is sent to the Zero Liquide discharge Plant,
The development of the pilot wastewater treatment system proposed in this
project would hopefully act as an example of an effective and sustainable treatment
option that may induce upgrading of the current infrastructure.

Aesthetic values are also incorporated into the proposed wastewater system with
the growth of plants in the subsurface wetland.

Overall, this project has presented a detailed and holistic analysis of the current
water system at Bangladesh in next to Dhaka. We have proposed alternatives that
are aimed at decreasing the amount of wastewater produced while increasing the
effectiveness and sustainability of rainwater, Surface water, Ground water,
wastewater and sewage water systems.
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References:
[1] World Health Organization

[2] Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

[3] ECLSS: Environmental control and Life Support System

[4] Department of Environment Bangladesh

[5] Ministry of Environment and Forests

[6] The world Bank

[7] Bangladesh Water Development Board

[8] Silt Density Index

[9] Local Government Engineering Department, Bangladesh

[10] Advanced Water Technology

[11] Google Bangladesh