2

11
CHEMISTRY
PROJECT WORK ON

Prepared BY :- Plan Ghimire

[Manager]
2

Copyright
Copyright © Plan Ghimire, [2022]

All rights reserved.

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project work entitled “ ” has been
prepared by me during the year 2022 under the guidance of Mr.
Bikash Adhikari, Department of Chemistry, Pokhara Secondary
School, Pokhara-1-Bagar in the partial fulfillment of master degree
prescribed by the college.

I also declare that this project is the outcome of my own effort,

that it has not been submitted to any other university for the
award of any degree.

Date: May 2, 2022

Plan Ghimire

-1-
2

AKNOWEDGMENTS
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher Mr.Bikash Adhikari, who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project of Chemistry on “
“,
Who also helped me to completing this project. I came to know
about so many new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would like to thank my parents and friends who
helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.

Plan Ghimire
Xi Science

2.Table of Contents
-2-
2

Contents
2.Table of Contents..................................................................................................................3
3. List of Tables.........................................................................................................................3
No table of figures entries found.............................................................................................3
4.List of Charts..........................................................................................................................3
10. ► Introduction ◄..............................................................................................................4
11. ►Water Impurities◄........................................................................................................5
Biological and Chemical Impurities in Water...............................................................................5
11. ►Chapter title 2◄.............................................................................................................8
12. Conclusion / Results / Epilogue..........................................................................................8
13. References..........................................................................................................................9
14. Appendix............................................................................................................................9

3. List of Tables

No table of figures entries found.

4.List of Charts

-3-
2

5. ► Introduction ◄

► Water is the universal solvent and in nature, it is never totally pure. No matter how isolated
it is from sources of contamination, it will always have some chemicals. Gases or minerals in the
air, soil, or rock are dissolved by the water. Some dissolved materials give water its
characteristic taste, and “pure water” is generally considered to be flat and tasteless.

Minerals can cause hardness (calcium or magnesium), color (iron), contamination (arsenic), and
radioactivity (radium, radon) in the water. Humans can cause contamination through the
improper use of pesticides or fertilizers and through the disposal of waste. These impurities can
dissolve in the water, causing it to be contaminated.

Minerals and impurities are normally present in very small concentrations, and are measured in
parts per million (ppm) (how many parts of impurities in a million parts of water) . ◄

10.1 ► THE PLANETARY WATER CYCLE ◄

Industry is a small participant in the global water cycle. Evaporation under the influence
of sunlight takes water from a liquid to a gaseous phase. The water may condense in
clouds as the temperature drops in the upper atmosphere. Wind transports the water
over great distances before releasing it in some form of precipitation. As the water
condenses and falls to the ground, it absorbs gases from the environment. This is the
principal cause of acid rain and acid snow.

10.2. ► WATER AS A SOLVENT◄

Pure water (H20) is colorless, tasteless, and odorless. It is composed of hydrogen and
oxygen. Because water becomes contaminated by the substances with which it comes
into contact, it is not available for use in its pure state. To some degree, water can
dissolve every naturally occurring substance on the earth. Because of this property,
water has been termed a "universal solvent." Although beneficial to mankind, the
solvency power of water can pose a major threat to industrial equipment. Corrosion
reactions cause the slow dissolution of metals by water. Deposition reactions, which
produce scale on heat transfer surfaces, represent a change in the solvency power of
water as its temperature is varied. The control of corrosion and scale is a major focus
of water treatment technology.

-4-
2

11. ►Water Impurities◄

Water impurities include dissolved and suspended solids. Calcium bicarbonate is a

soluble salt. A solution of calcium bicarbonate is clear, because the calcium and
bicarbonate are present as atomic sized ions which are not large enough to reflect
light. Some soluble minerals impart a color to the solution. Soluble iron salts produce
pale yellow or green solutions; some copper salts form intensely blue solutions.
Although colored, these solutions are clear. Suspended solids are substances that are
not completely soluble in water and are present as particles.

Biological and Chemical Impurities in Water

Drinking water purification is a must today that shouldn’t be avoided in any case because of the
impurities available in the water we are supplied or getting. We are getting a lot of both biological and
chemical impurities in water. It can be avoided upto some extent for the domestic uses of this kind of
water. But when it is used for drinking purposes it may cause many health disorders or ailments.

Today RO water purifiers playing a big role for the betterment of the health of people who are using it
in their daily life. RO water purifiers purify the water 98-99%. There are many drinking water
purification systems are available in the market.

We, Xylem RO Solutions, manufacture quality RO water purifiers that are very durable and results you
in low maintenance.

11.1 ► How to check quality of drinking water◄

A potable water is one that is safe to drink, pleasant to taste and usable for domestic purposes.
Contaminated water is one that contains the bacteria which causes diseases. Polluted water is
one that contains substances which are undesirable or unfit for drinking or domestic use.

Drinking water must be free from:

 Disease producing organisms or harmful bacteria or micro organisms as colloidal matter
 Dissolved poisonous chemical substances of all kinds
 Objectionable gases – but may contain good amount of dissolved oxygen
 Dissolved minerals which impart excessive hardness to water, and must not deposit
sediment on standing
Drinking water should not contain any appreciable amount of suspended matter. It should as
far as possible, be colourless, odourless, cool and pleasant to the taste.
The suitability of water for any particular purpose can be determined only after a complete
analysis and investigation of the source or origin or supply.

-5-
2

A complete water analysis consists of four sections:

1. Physical
2. Chemical
3. Bacteriological
4. Microscopic
For drinking water supplies the bacteriological and physical analysis are of prime importance.

The following simple tests will be helpful for physical analysis of potable water to check its
quality

TESTS TO CHECK QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER

PRESENCE OF ORGANIC IMPURITIES OR CONTAMINATION FROM SEWAGE
Add four drops of a solution of potassium permanganate to a small glass of water and shake it
well. If the sample is pure it will appear purple or red. If any organic impurities are present it
will turn yellow or pale. Potassium permanganate can also be added in crystal form.

PRESENCE OF LEAD
Add six drops of sulphuric acid in a small glass of water. If white precipitate is formed then it is
an indication of presence of lead.

Another way to know the presence of lead is as follows.

Add one drop of ammonium sulphide in a small glass of water and stir it well. A black
discolouration of the precipitate will indicate the presence of lead.

PRESENCE OF ZINC OR IRON

Add few drops of Ferro-cyanide of potassium to a small glass of water and stir it well. If the
colour of water turns into green then zinc is present and if colour of water turns into blue then
iron is present.

PRESENCE OF COPPER
Add eight drops of ammonia in a small glass of water. If the colour of water turns into blue then
copper is present.

PRESENCE OF CARBONIC ACID

Add lime in a sample of water and shake it well until it turns milky. If this turbidity will
disappear on the addition of hydrochloric acid, then it is an indication of presence of carbonic
acid.

A clear and sparkling water is not necessarily fit for human consumption

-6-
2

10.1.1.►Title subchapter◄

-7-
2

11. ►Chapter title 2◄

12. Conclusion / Results / Epilogue

►Presentation of data and Discussion of Finding

This chapter should provide all the findings of your research to achieve the project objectives. A
clear and detailed analysis should be provided to give meaning to these findings. A discussion on
what the outcomes of these finding mean and how they relate to your project objectives should
be included.

Presentation and analysis of the survey should be written as clear and understandable as possible.
Use charts and tables wherever possible, like in the examples◄

Table 1: Results
Days Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

Electricity 25% 28% 35% 23% 25%

Water 22% 39% 28% 50% 42%

Source: Brown, 1990

-8-
2

13. References
This lists all the sources of information that you made use of during the project. The list of references and
bibliography are often combined into one section called Bibliography.

The following is the list of all items that should be included in bibliography given that have also been
referenced through your written project work.

• Published research papers in journals and conference proceedings.

• Books, book chapters and specific sections or pages in books.

• Web sites, pages and other online material.

• Recorded seminars, talks and presentations.

• Source code, libraries and other tools used in your project.

How to write the items of Bibliography and how to reference throughout your project is explained in a
separate document Final Year Students Handbook. PLEASE read carefully.

You can find this document here

For fast and easy formatting of bibliographic sources can be done, using the following
Tools

14. Appendix

14.1. ►Title Appendix◄

Appendices may include tools used in research and / or any other informative material which
cannot be integrated organically in the main part of the study i.e. questionnaires, excerpts from
interviews, coding schemes, etc. The appendices provide important background information,
including relevant information that should be present, but not as part of the main chapters. The
following is a list of the different items that could be included in Appendices:

• Supporting documentation or data

• Additional data or diagrams
• Test results and test reports
-9-
2

In addition, appendices should include only what is directly relevant to the documentation or
description of a project that could not be included in the main project chapters.

►Each appendix is displayed on a new page◄

►Appendices should be inputted at the end of your whole project document.

14.2. ►Title Appendix◄

- 10 -