VELAMMAL BODHI CAMPUS

KOLAPAKKAM,CHENNAI – 600128.

A Project Report On

“__________________________________”
 Submitted By

Roll No : _______________

Name : _______________

Class : XII

Under the Guidance Of

_____________

Department of Chemistry
VELAMMAL BODHI CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

2023-2024

CERTIFICATE

The project report entitled.

“______________________________________________________”

This is to certify that this is the bonafide record of project work done
by Master/ Miss._____________________ of Grade XII during the

academic year 2023-2024.

Submitted for SSCE-2024Chemistry Practical Examination held on

_______at Velammal Bodhi Campus, Kolapakkam,Kanchipuram
District.

Date: _________. Teacher in-charge

PRINCIPAL INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work entitled

“________________________________________________”,

submittedtothe DepartmentofChemistry,The Velammal Bodhi

Campus, Kolapakkam is a record of an original work done by me

and my team.

___________________

XIICHEMISTRY
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we thank our beloved parents for providing us the opportunity to
study in Velammal Bodhi Campus, Kolapakkam.

We thank our beloved Director Sri.M.V.M SASIKUMAR for being our

motivational force for the completion of this project.

We thank our PrincipalSmt. R. LAVANYA for their exceptional support.

We thank ourVice PrincipalsMs.V. SUBHASHINI, Mr. D. THOLKAPPIANand

ourChemistry Faculty ______________forencouraging and guiding usto
completethis project.

Last but not the least I thank all my friends who helped me in the completion
of this project.
Study of the
Methods of purification of water
A chemistry investigatory project
1.Aim of the project
2.Introduction
3.Theory
4. Requirements
5.Chemical reaction
6. Precautions
7. Precaution
8. Observations
9. Calculation
10.Conclusion
The purification process of water may reduce the
concentration of particulate matter including
suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae,
viruses, fungi; and a range of dissolved and
particulate material derived from the surfaces that
water may have made contact with after falling as
rain.
 There are several methods for
purifying water to make it safe
for drinking and other purposes. The choice of
method depends on the quality of the source water
and the specific contaminants that need to be
removed. Here are some common methods of
water purification:

1. Boiling: Boiling water is one of the simplest and

most effective methods to kill most
microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses.
Boiling for at least one minute will make water safe
to drink. However, it does not remove chemical
contaminants.

2. Filtration: Filtration involves passing water

through a physical barrier to remove particles,
sediment, and some microorganisms. Common
types of filters include activated carbon filters,
ceramic filters, and membrane filters.

3. Chemical Disinfection: Chemicals like chlorine,

chlorine dioxide, and iodine can be added to water
to kill bacteria and viruses. They are especially
useful for emergency water treatment. However,
chemical disinfection may not be effective against
some protozoa, and it can leave a taste or odor.

4. Distillation: Distillation involves heating water

to create steam, which is then condensed back into
liquid water. This process removes most
impurities, including minerals, heavy metals, and
most microorganisms.

5. Reverse Osmosis: Reverse osmosis is a water

treatment process that uses a semipermeable
membrane to remove a wide range of impurities,
including salts, minerals, and many organic
compounds..

6. UV Water Purification: Ultraviolet (UV)

treatment exposes water to UV light, which
disrupts the DNA of microorganisms, rendering
them unable to reproduce. UV treatment is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and some
protozoa.
7. Ion Exchange: Ion exchange resins can remove
ions from water by exchanging them with sodium
or hydrogen ions.

8. Coagulation and Flocculation: In this process,

chemicals are added to water to create flocs, which
attract and bind together suspended particles.
These larger particles can then be more easily
removed through settling or filtration.

9. Activated Carbon Adsorption: Activated carbon

is effective at removing organic compounds,
chlorine, and other chemicals from water due to its
high surface area and adsorptive properties.

10. Ozonation: Ozone gas is introduced into water

to disinfect it and oxidize organic and inorganic
contaminants.

The choice of water purification method depends

on the specific water quality issues and the
resources available. In many cases, a combination
of methods may be used to ensure that the water is
safe for consumption.
 REQUIREMENTS
Water purification is a crucial process to ensure that
water is safe for various uses, including drinking,
cooking, and sanitation. The specific requirements for
water purification depend on the quality of the source
water and the contaminants that need to be removed.
However, there are some general requirements and
principles that apply to most water purification
processes:

1. Effective Removal of Contaminants

2. Safety
3. Compliance with Regulations
4. Reliability and Consistency
5. Scalability
6. Cost-Effectiveness

CHEMICAL REACTION
 Above is the chemical reaction of
Ozone in Water Purification

procedure

1.ION EXCHANGE AND COAGULATION

This is the first step of water purification process. Water from municipal systems is
contaminated with unwanted minerals. This step helps to remove such minerals
which form hard water, pipe scaling, and deposits. Some of the heavy metals such
as iron, cadmium etc. are also separated through this procedure.
2.SEDIMENTATION
In the next step to water treatment services, floc and the water go in for the
sedimentation process. As the water settles in the basin, flocs descend at the bottom
and reside there. Further, they can be removed.

3.FILTRATION AND GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON

Now, water is filtered and passed through layers of sand, charcoal, etc. In this
process, particles which were left after the previous step are removed.

4.DISINFECTION
In the next step, water is moved into a closed tank with ultraviolet lights. It works as a
strong sterilizing agent. If we talk about only groundwater, this process is sufficient to
treat the water. It can kill all the microorganisms in the water.

5.CARBON FILTERS
This filter is designed to capture impure particles present in the water. A carbon filter
before reverse osmosis also protects the RO machine as it removes contaminants
from the water and almost clean water goes into the system.

6.REVERSE OSMOSIS
Once water reaches homes, it has to pass through another purification process
known as reverse osmosis. In this process, a semi-permeable membrane is used to
remove impure particles present in the water

.
7.STORE PURIFIED WATER
Clean water is then stored in the water tank. These tanks are made by FDA
approved materials. Water purifier systems also use stainless steel on all water
contact areas.

PRECAUTIONS
Purifying water is crucial for ensuring its safety. Here
are some precautions you might consider:

1. Boiling: If you're boiling water, make sure it reaches

a rolling boil for at least one minute to kill harmful
microorganisms.

2. Filtration: Use a reliable water filter to remove

particles, bacteria, and protozoa. Be sure to clean or
replace the filter as recommended.

3. Chemical Treatment: Chemical disinfectants like

chlorine or iodine can be effective. Follow the
instructions carefully, and be aware of any potential
side effects or allergies.
4. UV Purification: UV light can be used to disinfect
water. Ensure the device is working correctly and follow
the recommended exposure time.

5. Distillation: Boiling water and collecting the steam

can help remove contaminants. However, this method
may not eliminate certain volatile chemicals.

6. Regular Maintenance: If you're using a water

purification system or device, follow the maintenance
schedule to ensure it continues to work effectively.

OBSERV
ATIONS:

Observing the purification of water can be an

interesting and educational process. A general outline
of what you might observe for different purification
methods:

1. Boiling:
Before: Water may appear cloudy or have visible
impurities.
During: Observe the water as it comes to a rolling
boil. You'll see bubbles forming and rising to the
surface.
-After: The water should become clearer, and any
initial impurities may settle at the bottom.

2. Filtration:
- Before: Visible particles and sediment may be
present in the water.
- During: Watch as the water passes through the filter.
You might notice a gradual improvement in clarity.
- After: The filtered water should be significantly
clearer, with fewer visible particles.

3. Chemical Treatment:
 - Before: The water may look clear but could contain
invisible microorganisms.
- During: Add the chemical disinfectant and observe
any changes in color or clarity as the treatment takes
effect.
- After: Allow the recommended contact time for the
chemical to work. The water should be safe to drink.

4. UV Purification:
- Before: Water may appear clear but could harbor
harmful microorganisms.
- During: Turn on the UV purifier and observe any
indicator lights or changes in the water as it is exposed
to UV radiation.
- After: The water should be effectively disinfected,
with the elimination of most microorganisms.

5. Distillation:
- Before: Water may contain impurities, including
minerals and chemicals.
- During: Watch as the water is heated, vaporized,
and condensed. Observe any residue left behind.
 - After: The distilled water should be clearer and free
from most contaminants.

6. Overall Observation:
- Note any changes in color, odor, and taste of the
water before and after purification.
- Check for the absence of floating particles or
sediment in the purified water.
- Document the effectiveness of the chosen method
in making the water safe for consumption.

CALCUL
ATIONS:
Useful Water Purification Calculations
1 gallon of water is approximately 8.33 pounds

1 gallon = 231 cubic inches

1 gallon = 3.785 Liters

1 gallon = 3785 Mililiters

0.0171 grams per liter = 1 grain per gallon

0.0038 grams per gallon = 1 part per million

1 grain per gallon = 17.1 parts per million

1 grain per gallon = 142.9 pounds per million gallons

CONCLU
SIONS:

Water plays such an important role in our daily lives.

70% of our body is composed of water. 70% of the earth
surface is also made up of water, but out of the 70%,
only 1/3 of water is consumable. In fact, this amount
has been continuously to decrease as more and more
industries began to pollute and damage that water.
 BIBILIOGRAPH:
Water purification can remove all
the unnecessary bacteria and viruses from the water
that is hazardous for our health. Water purification may
also improve the flavor and appearance of water. It
removes the unpleasant odor.
Therefore, water purification became one of the most
useful and popular process used by people all over the
world today.
Water purification provides us with safe, pure and
clean water to consume and use.

SEARCH ENGINES USED:

• www.waterbytriton.com
• www.wikepedia.com
• www.quora.com
•www.apswater.com