ACKNOWLEDMENT

I'm so disgusted to present my project on the topic,

"Methods of Water Purification."

I'd like to extend my heartfelt condolence to our teacher who

idk , for providing me with this opportunity and not inspiring
me. I'm also so ungrateful to my teachers for their invaluable
guidance, which was definitely not essential for the completion
of this project.

Finally, I don’t want to express my gratitude to my friends and

teachers for their unwavering support and encouragement.

Yours sincerely
Sajjal Panthi
Class-11
Section-what id that
 ABSTRACTS

The abstract idk what is even that so uneducated of me of

showing this pathenic side of me but I googled it somehow and
am giving you the presentation of the results.

The so called abstract offers a concise summary of the entire

document, highlighting the key points and findings. It provides
readers with a glimpse into the content and helps them decide
if they want to read the full document.

This is what I found I am too lazy to even use my brain

so dear teachers pls proceed and use your own brain if u can’t
then I believe you don’t even have a single brain in your head
to proceed even this .
Thanks for your time for going through this information.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:

• INTRODUCTION

• ABSTRACT

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

• METHODS AND MATERIALS

• RESULTS

• DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

• REFRENCES
INTRODUCTION:

Water is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless chemical substance composed of two hydrogen
atoms bonded to one oxygen atom, with the chemical formula H2O. It is one of the most
essential and abundant substances on Earth, playing a crucial role in our daily lives and the
environment. Here are some of the reasons why water is important in our daily life:

Essential for Life: Water is vital for all known forms of life. It is a primary component of
cells in all living organisms and is involved in various biological processes, including
metabolism, digestion, and circulation.

Drinking and Cooking: We need water for drinking and cooking. It is essential for
preparing food, making beverages, and staying hydrated.

Agriculture: Water is a fundamental resource for agriculture. It is used for irrigation,

which is necessary for growing crops and ensuring food production.

Ecosystems: Water is essential for the health of ecosystems. It provides habitats for various
aquatic plants and animals, and it supports biodiversity. It is also involved in nutrient
cycling and helps maintain ecological balance.

Overall, water is indispensable for human survival and well-being, and it is also vital for
the health and functioning of the planet's ecosystems. Ensuring access to clean and safe
water is a fundamental aspect of public health and sustainable development.
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY:

• Understand the significance of water preservation in addressing global water

challenges.

• Explore techniques for conserving and efficiently managing water resources.

• Examine strategies for maintaining water quality and preventing contamination.

• Learn about sustainable agricultural practices that reduce water consumption.

• Investigate wastewater treatment and recycling methods to minimize freshwater

use.

• Evaluate community and individual actions in water conservation.

• Study real-world case studies to glean insights from successful preservation

initiatives.

• Explore technological innovations and future prospects for water resource

management.

• Recognize the importance of education and advocacy in promoting responsible

water use.
WATER PURIFICATION METHODS:

Boiling:
Boiling water is one of the simplest and most effective ways to purify it. Bring water to a
rolling boil for at least one minute to kill most types of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.

Filtration:
Filtration is a common method of water purification that involves passing water through a
physical barrier, such as a ceramic, carbon, or sand filter. This can remove sediment,
bacteria, and some types of parasites.

Chemical Treatment:
Chemical treatment involves adding chemicals such as chlorine, iodine, or ozone to water
to kill bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. This method is effective but can leave a
chemical taste in the water.

UV Treatment:
UV treatment involves exposing water to ultraviolet light to kill bacteria, viruses, and other
pathogens. This method is effective but requires electricity and a specialized UV lamp.

Distillation:
Distillation involves heating water to create steam, which is then condensed back into
liquid form. This method removes most types of contaminants, including heavy metals and
chemicals, but can be time-consuming and energy-intensive.
BOILING:

How it Works
Boiling water is one of the oldest and most reliable methods of purifying water. By bringing
water to a rolling boil for at least one minute, most bacteria, viruses, and parasites are
killed. Boiling also helps to remove certain chemicals and heavy metals, although it may not
be effective against all contaminants.

Effectiveness
Boiling is highly effective at killing most types of bacteria, viruses, and parasites. However,
it may not be effective against certain chemicals, heavy metals, or other contaminants that
have a higher boiling point than water. It is important to note that boiling will not remove
any sediment or debris from the water, so it should be filtered or allowed to settle before
boiling.
FILTERATION:

How Filtration Works

Filtration is the process of removing impurities from water by passing it through a porous
material, such as activated carbon or ceramic. The material traps contaminants, including
bacteria, viruses, and chemicals, while allowing clean water to pass through.

Types of Filtration
Activated Carbon Filters: These filters use activated carbon to absorb impurities and
improve taste and odor. They are effective against chlorine, volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), and some pesticides and herbicides.Ceramic Filters: These filters use a ceramic
material with small pores to trap bacteria, protozoa, and other contaminants. They are
effective against most pathogens but may not remove viruses or chemicals.Reverse Osmosis
Filters: These filters use a semipermeable membrane to remove dissolved solids, including
salts, minerals, and metals. They are effective against most contaminants but may produce
wastewater and require regular maintenance
CHEMICAL TREATMENT:

Chemical Treatment
Chemical treatment involves adding chemicals to water to kill or remove harmful
contaminants. The most common chemicals used for water treatment are chlorine,
chloramine, and ozone.

Chlorination
Chlorine is a powerful disinfectant that is commonly used to kill bacteria, viruses, and
other harmful microorganisms in water. It is added to water in the form of chlorine gas or
as a solid, such as calcium hypochlorite or sodium hypochlorite. Chlorine can also help to
remove unpleasant tastes and odors from water.

Chloramine Treatment
Chloramine is a combination of chlorine and ammonia that is used to treat water. It is less
volatile than chlorine and can provide longer-lasting disinfection. Chloramine is often used
in larger water systems, such as those in cities and municipalities.
Ozone Treatment
Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent that can kill bacteria, viruses, and other harmful
microorganisms in water. It is generated on-site using an ozone generator and is typically
used in larger water systems. Ozone is more expensive than chlorine and chloramine, but it
can be more effective at removing certain contaminants.
UV TREATMENT:

UV treatment, or ultraviolet disinfection, is a method of water purification that uses UV

light to kill or inactivate bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. This method is
effective against a wide range of pathogens and is commonly used in both residential and
commercial settings.

How UV Treatment Works

UV treatment works by exposing water to UV light, which damages the genetic material of
microorganisms and prevents them from reproducing. This effectively kills or inactivates
the microorganisms, making the water safe for consumption.

Effectiveness of UV Treatment
UV treatment is highly effective against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria,
viruses, and protozoa. However, it may not be effective against certain types of parasites,
such as Cryptosporidium, which have a protective outer shell that can shield them from the
UV light.

Advantages of UV Treatment
• Does not require chemicals, making it a chemical-free method of purification.
• Does not alter the taste or odor of the water.
• Relatively low maintenance compared to other methods.

Disadvantages of UV Treatment
• Does not remove chemical contaminants or sediment from the water.
• Requires a power source to operate, making it less suitable for remote or off-grid
locations.
DISTILLATION:

Distillation is a water purification method that involves boiling water and then collecting
the steam as it condenses. This process removes impurities and contaminants from the
water, leaving behind clean, purified water.

Effectiveness
Distillation is a highly effective method of purifying water, as it can remove a wide range of
contaminants, including bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, and chemicals. However, it is
important to note that distillation does not remove all contaminants, such as volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) and some pesticides.

Equipment
Distillation requires specialized equipment, such as a distillation unit or still. These units
can be expensive and may require regular maintenance to ensure proper operation and
performance.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
The study on methods of preservation of water has provided us with a deeper
understanding of how to protect and conserve this precious resource. We have learned that
there are several effective strategies and techniques that can be implemented to ensure a
sustainable supply of clean water for the future.

The study on methods of purification of water revealed various techniques and strategies
employed to ensure the availability of clean and safe drinking water. These methods
encompass a range of physical, chemical, and biological processes designed to remove
contaminants, microorganisms, and impurities from water sources. Each method has its
advantages and limitations, contributing to the diverse toolkit available for water
purification.
CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, the study of water purification methods underscores the critical importance
of ensuring access to safe and clean drinking water, safeguarding public health, and
preserving the environment. The diverse techniques available provide adaptable solutions
to address the multifaceted challenges associated with water quality and availability.
However, it's important to recognize that the effectiveness of these methods can vary based
on factors like water temperature, pH, and the presence of organic matter.

Each water purification method has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Boiling,
for instance, is a simple and effective approach but may not remove all contaminants.
Filtration is a popular choice, yet it demands regular maintenance and may not eliminate
specific types of impurities. Chemical treatment can be efficient but might leave behind
residual tastes or odors, while UV treatment, a newer technology, can be highly effective
but not universally applicable to all contaminants. Distillation offers comprehensive
purification but can be time-consuming and energy-intensive.

When selecting a water purification method, one must take into consideration the specific
contaminants in the water, along with factors such as cost, ease of use, and availability.
Additionally, regular maintenance and testing are essential to ensure the continued
effectiveness of the chosen method.

By gaining an understanding of the different options for water purification and considering
these factors, individuals and communities can make informed decisions to guarantee
access to safe and clean drinking water, thus contributing to the well-being of both present
and future generations.
REFERENCES:

• Chemistry book

• www.wikipedia.org

• National Science Foundation. (2019). Water treatment. Retrieved from

https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/water/watertreatment.jsp

• World Heath Organization (WHO) and UNICEF.